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Объективная и субъективная бедность в России: что принесли последние 20 лет
The article is devoted to the analysis of the correlation between the scale and qualitative features of objective and subjective poverty in Russian society over the last twenty years. Based on the analysis of data from nationwide empirical surveys conducted by the FCTAS RAS in 2003, 2013 and 2023, the authors trace the dynamics of the share of objectively and subjectively poor Russians, the degree of overlap between these groups, their objective living conditions, subjective perception of their situation, opportunities to influence it, and general perceptions about the future development of the country. The results allow to confirm the significant reduction of both objective poverty (in terms of income) and subjective poverty (in terms of self-assessment of one's financial situation) among Russians over the past twenty years, which occurred mainly in the first decade under consideration. The reduction of objective and subjective poverty zones was accompanied by their divergence. As a result, a smaller and smaller proportion of Russians experience poverty along these two dimensions simultaneously, and the portraits and characteristics of these groups are becoming increasingly different. The objectively poor do not differ much from the population as a whole in their assessment of their position and opportunities in various spheres, which suggests on the one hand the shallowness of monetary poverty and on the other the more than modest living standards of the population as a whole. The subjectively poor are characterized by more marked differences from the population as a whole, both in terms of negative assessments of many aspects of their situation and in terms of opportunities in different areas. A similar situation can be observed in the socio-psychological well-being of the representatives of these groups: although both have improved their well-being over the past 20 years, the positive changes have been faster among the income poor, and today the poor are characterized by increased pessimism about their ability to influence the future and general anxiety. In their assessments of the country's future and the path it should take, the poor do not differ much from other Russians, both objectively and subjectively, demonstrating the public consensus: the population believes that the path Russia is taking will yield positive results in the long run, but that this path must be unique and allow for stability. Finally, it is important to note that the subjective poor cannot be reduced to pensioners: the data show that this group is heterogeneous in its composition, which determines the absence of a clear portrait of it and the impossibility of identifying it as a "single" addressee of socio-economic policies.