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Социально-экономические неравенства в жизни россиян: особенности восприятия и динамика
The article examines the dynamics of the population's perception of socio-economic inequalities over the last decade on the basis of empirical data from all-Russian studies conducted by the FCTAS RAS. The relevance of the topic is determined firstly by the challenge of inequality for the sustainable development of the country, and secondly by the role of perceived inequality for the preferences and behavior of the population. It is shown that the acuity of the perception of inequalities in Russian society is generally decreasing in the 2020s, but this dynamic has a different nature and causes in the case of the assessment of inequalities in society as a whole and their impact on one's own life situation. In the first case, Russians' perceptions are more homogeneous and characterized by an acute perception (despite some softening in recent years) of the situation with inequalities in society, regardless of the specifics of their own situation. In the second case, people's perceptions are more related to their personal objective situation and subjective well-being, and the problem of inequalities is perceived as less painful. In both cases, the focus is on income inequality, which is perceived not only as hugh but also as unfair, although here too there is a positive dynamic. Among the non-monetary inequalities that characterize Russian society, the most acute inequalities perceived by the population today are those related to basic aspects of quality of life - inequalities in housing conditions and access to medical care. It can be said that inequality is perceived by Russians more as a problem of society as a whole, which violates the fairness of its structure, than as something that affects them personally. This complicates the state's response to the task of reducing inequality, since it requires not only improving the situation in those or other areas where Russians perceive high levels of inequality, but also demonstrating a willingness to strive for basic principles that meet the criteria of fairness that are part of the normative-value perceptions of the population. At the same time, the external challenges facing the country partially mitigate the problem of perceived inequality and provide an opportunity to maneuver in this regard.