Статья
Polymorphisms of dopamine receptor genes DRD2 and DRD4 in African populations of Hadza and Datoga differing in the level of culturally permitted aggression
The key regulator in the control of aggressive behavior is dopamine receptors. Association of variants in these genes with aggression has been shown in modern populations. However, these studies have not been conducted in traditional cultures. The aim of our study was to investigate population features in distributions of allele and genotype frequencies of DRD2 rs1800497, DRD4 120 bp Ins, and DRD4 exon III polymorphisms and their associations with aggressive behavior in the traditional African populations of Hadza and Datoga, which display a contrast in their culturally permitted aggression. Overall, 820 healthy unrelated Hadza and Datoga individuals were studied. Self‐rated scores of aggression were collected using Buss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire. Polymerase chain reaction‐Restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was used to determine the genotype of each individual. We show that the Hadza and the Datoga differed significantly in allele and genotype frequencies of all studied loci. Our association analysis detected that only ethnicity and sex of individuals significantly influenced their aggression rank, but we failed to identify any associations of DRD2 rs1800497, DRD4 120 bp Ins, or DRD4 exon III polymorphisms with aggression. Thus, our data have no strong evidence to support the involvement of polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD4 in controlling aggressive behavior.
Many studies in Western societies have shown that women prefer relatively taller men as potential partners, whereas men prefer women who are slightly shorter than themselves. Here, we discuss possible limitations of previous results within the context of the stimuli used (i.e., differences in the perceived body size of female silhouettes). Our results show that, at least in a Polish sample (N= 231), modified stimuli did not essentially change the observed male-taller preferences. In contrast, we report height preferences in a traditional ethnic group, the Datoga people from Tanzania (N= 107), in which men and women preferred extreme sexual dimorphism in stature (SDS) sets (i.e., men and women chose women much taller or much shorter than themselves). Thus, our data do not accord with the suggestion of a universal preference for taller men, but rather suggests that height preferences may be influenced by cultural, environmental, and ecological conditions.
Abstract The role of genes in the expression of aggression and masculinity traits in humans has been a focus of recent behavioral genetic studies. This is the first study on the variation in aggression, the digit ratio (the ratio between the second and the fourth digits, 2D:4D), the directional asymmetry in 2D:4D (DR-L) and polymorphisms of the AR, DRD4, and 5-HTTL genes in simple hunter-gatherers, namely the Hadza of Tanzania (142 adult men). The distribution of AR, DRD4E3, and 5-HTTLPR genotypes and allele frequencies in Hadza was compared to other African populations on which the data were available. Hadza and Ariaal differed significantly in the distributions of frequencies of AR alleles with different numbers of CAG repeats. Hadza population was similar to other African populations in the distribution of allelic frequencies of the DRD4E3 locus, and to Afro- Americans in the distribution of allelic types of the 5- HTTLPR locus. We found no influence of AR gene on the right hand 2D:4D ratio,DR-L, and any of aggression subscales of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Although, a weak positive correlation between CAG repeats and the left hand 2D:4Dwas found. The multiple regression analysis with digit ratios, DR-L and aggression subscales of AQ as dependent variables and the three gene candidates (AR, DRD4E3, and 5-HTTLPR) as independent variables revealed the following: men with lower number of CAG repeats had significantly lower left hand2D:4D ratio;men with highernumbers of 48-bp unit copies in exon 3 of a VNTR polymorphism in the DRD4 gene had significantly lower digit ratios on both hands; no effect of the 5-HTTLPR gene on either the digit ratio or aggressive behavior. These findings demonstrate the complexity of gene effects on digit ratios and aggression and call for simultaneous analysis of more candidate genes. It is noteworthy that these results were obtained for a human population that is still practicing foraging and has been subjected to a high selective pressure due to harsh environments and practically has no access to modern medical care. Hadza are highly egalitarian, and their culture does not favor persons with a dominant or aggressive behavior. It is still to be found to what extent the relationships observed in this study are similar to those in other human populations.
Сборник подготовлен к юбилею доктора исторических наук Ирины Геннадиевны Коноваловой, зам. директора, главного научного сотрудника, зав. Отделом специальных исторических дисциплин и зав. Центром исторической географии Института всеобщей истории РАН, крупнейшего в нашей стране востоковеда, автора большого числа исследований и публикаций источников, выдающегося специалиста в области исторической географии, ответственного редактора недавно организованного ею альманаха "Историческая география". В сборник вошли статьи ее коллег и друзей, написанные по следующим направлениям: историческая география, гуманитарная и культурная география, история географии и картографии.
Для историков, географов, филологов.
Сборник статей по проблемам ООПТ.
В сборник Трудов МОО включены избранные материалы XIII Международной орнитологической конференции Северной Евразии, состоявшейся в г. Оренбурге 30 апреля - 6 мая 2010 г. Тематика статей касается истории Мензбировского орнитологического общества и палеоорнитологии, общих проблем орнитологии, фауны и систематики птиц, их экологии и эволюции, а также вопросов охраны редких видов. Среди информационных материалов публикуется Резолюция XIII Орнитологической конференции Северной Евразии
Many environmental stimuli present a quasi-rhythmic structure at different timescales that the brain needs to decompose and integrate. Cortical oscillations have been proposed as instruments of sensory de-multiplexing, i.e., the parallel processing of different frequency streams in sensory signals. Yet their causal role in such a process has never been demonstrated. Here, we used a neural microcircuit model to address whether coupled theta–gamma oscillations, as observed in human auditory cortex, could underpin the multiscale sensory analysis of speech. We show that, in continuous speech, theta oscillations can flexibly track the syllabic rhythm and temporally organize the phoneme-level response of gamma neurons into a code that enables syllable identification. The tracking of slow speech fluctuations by theta oscillations, and its coupling to gamma-spiking activity both appeared as critical features for accurate speech encoding. These results demonstrate that cortical oscillations can be a key instrument of speech de-multiplexing, parsing, and encoding.
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NNRs) of the α7 subtype have been shown to contribute to the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. The site of action and the underlying mechanism, however, are unclear. Here we applied a circuit modeling approach, supported by electrochemical in vivo recordings, to clarify this issue. Modeling revealed two potential mechanisms for the drop in accumbal dopamine efflux evoked by the selective α7 partial agonist TC-7020. TC-7020 could desensitize α7 NNRs located predominantly on dopamine neurons or glutamatergic afferents to them or, alternatively, activate α7 NNRs located on the glutamatergic afferents to GABAergic interneurons in the ventral tegmental area. Only the model based on desensitization, however, was able to explain the neutralizing effect of coapplied PNU-120596, a positive allosteric modulator. According to our results, the most likely sites of action are the preterminal α7 NNRs controlling glutamate release from cortical afferents to the nucleus accumbens. These findings offer a rationale for the further investigation of α7 NNR agonists as therapy for diseases associated with enhanced mesolimbic dopaminergic tone, such as schizophrenia and addiction
Анализ современного общества, пронизанного медиа, ведется с позиций этнометодологического подхода и представляет собой попытку ответа на кардинальный вопрос: что представляют собой наблюдаемые упорядоченности событий, транслируемых массовыми посредниками. Исследование ритуалов идет по двум основным направлениям: во-первых, в организационно-производственной системе медиа, ориентированной на постоянное воспроизводство, в основе которого лежит трансмиссионная модель и различение информация/неинформация и, во-вторых, в анализе восприятия этих сообщений аудиторией, представляющей собой реализацию ритуальной, или экспрессивной, модели, результатом которой является разделенный опыт. Это и означает ритуальный характер современных медиа.
В данной научной работе использованы результаты, полученные в ходе выполнения проекта № 10-01-0009 «Медиаритуалы», реализованного в рамках Программы «Научный фонд НИУ ВШЭ» в 2010-2012 гг.
Представлены результаты кросскультурного исследования взаимосвязи социального капитала и экономических представлений у русских (N=150) и китайцев (N=105). Выявлены различия в социальном капитале и экономических представлениях русских и китайцев. В обеих группах социальный капитал позитивно взаимосвязан с «продуктивными» экономическими представлениями и большинство взаимосвязей схожи по своей логике, однако существуют и культурная специфика.
В данной работе рассматривается пятое уравнение Пенлеве, которое имеет 4 комплексных параметра α, β, γ, δ. Методами степенной геометрии ищутся асимптотические разложения его решений при x → ∞. При α≠0 найдено 10 степенных разложений с двумя экспоненциальными добавками каждое. Шесть из них - по целым степеням x (они были известны), и четыре по полуцелым (они новые). При α=0 найдено 4 однопараметрических семейства экспоненциальных асимптотик y(x) и 3 однопараметрических семейства сложных разложений x=x(y). Все экспоненциальные добавки, экспоненциальные асимптотики и сложные разложения найдены впервые. Также уточнена техника вычисления экспоненциальных добавок.
Я выписываю точную формулу для (теоретико-множественной) системы результантов как набора коэффициентов одного результанта.