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Именование, необходимость и современная философия
The paper deals with the problem of identity in modal perspective. Two logical approaches – non-fregean logic (developed by R. Suszko) and rigid designation theory (developed by S. Kripke and others) – are compared. Despite of all their differences, these two theories treat the problem of identity in similar ways. So we can suppose that some vulnerable points of the former (namely, a problem connected with “slingshot argument” – a term coined by Jon Barwise and John Perry) are hidden in the later too. A variant of “slingshot argument” for kripkean theory is presented with a view to prevent a misinterpretation of main Kripke’s ideas
In this paper I briefly consider the following questions: 1) the actual ontology of states of affairs as it is given in Plantinga’s semantics; 2) the problem of transworld identity; 3) the redundancy of the concept of «object» as A. Plantinga postulates it. A philosophical analysis of this concept, as well as the concepts of «I» and of «actual world» within the framework of «states of affairs semantics» is provided.
The article describes some of the fundamental features of Edward Zalta’s Theory of abstract objects in connection with the problem of possible worlds, as well as the use of names as rigid designators. The main feature of Zalta’s Theory is the separation of the two types of predication of properties: one for concrete objects and the other for abstract ones. This approach allowed us to avoid certain paradoxes. In the theory of abstract objects possible worlds considered as abstract objects that are associated with propositional properties. Such an approach is not without appeal, but has some syntactical defects, leading to circularity in the definition of modalities and even the definition of identity relation.
The paper analyses the logical structure of Kripke’s modal essentialist argument against materialism and also puts it in the broader context of contemporary analytic philosophy of mind. The comparison is made between Kripke’s essentialism and that of Aristotle. It is argued that Kripke’s anti-materialist argument had influenced significantly related arguments of Thomas Nagel, Joseph Levine and especially David Chalmers. However, as for the former, Kripke's notion of «necessary a posteriori» puts some pressure on his zombie argument. Chalmers tries to deal with this problem by introducing two-dimensional semantics. Due to the strength and convincingness of Kripke’s argument physicalistic materialism nowadays has lost its status of «orthodox» stance in the analysis of consciousness.
The article discusses one argument in favor of descriptive theory of reference of proper names against the theory of direct reference which appeals to a famous example of the ship of Theseus. The author defends the latter theory by means of distinguishing the object of direct reference and its principles of individuation. The argument is discussed with reference to the works of H. Chandler, L. Linsky, S. Kripke, N. Salmon and other theorists.
In the article position of S. Kripke, which is presented in his lectures "Identity and necessity", is considered. The thesis is proved that necessity of identity for names with strict reference will be carried out on the whole universum of such names, as non-descriptive names do not have their own sense. It excludes for them reference to various objects (or to classes of objects). The identity of non-descriptive names is possible only in a case poly-naming of the same object or of the same class of homogeneous objects (in case of a general non-descriptive name).
This paper aims to demonstrate some clue difficulties of meaning and naming problem in two contrasting approaches: descriptivism and causal theory of reference and then suggests another option which descends to structural linguistics. Due to the structural point of view the author tries to clarify some underlined causes of this two approaches`s argument which is still in process. According to structural version the meaning is not a self-identical entity and therefore it is nor a name, neither a description.
In March 2011 scholars met in Prague at the conference Interculturalism, Meaning and Identity. This event revitalised this important theme related to Diversity and Recognition. The terms 'interculturalism' and 'integration' are experiencing a renaissance. As the extent of human movement between nations increases attempts are made to balance cultural difference and social cohesion. In some contexts immigration and settlement policies are becoming more draconian in response. Because of this, interculturalism can take on many meanings. However, pivotal to the way interculturalism is understood is identification. As the relationship between nation, ethnicity and language becomes more complex so too do the ways in which people represent them selves. The cultural resources drawn on and the processes used to form identities are examined in this truly international collection. So too are the implications of these developments for how we theorise culture, meaning and identity.
The article in form of a dispute discusses the issues dealt with in the article by M.V. Chekmarev and A.S. Chuprov, published in the magazine Society and Authority. In the author's opinion mass society and market economy gave birth to society, which is a matter-of-fact realization of the great Enlightenment humanism project. As a result in context of marketization a transformation of core values of traditional culture took place. The world has entered a new modality of existence - the modality of possibility.
The paper treats the issue of identity of the ego, which constitutes the central problem of personology. The skeptical approach to this problem, which sees it as not being subject to be resolved by means of science, began with D. Hume's work. Contemporary personologists (P. Ricoeur and others) approach this problem through study of culture, which imparts the ego with «narrative identity». Cultural historic psychology is a «Bridge of interpretations», upon which philosophy of culture meets psychology, and psychological data associated with «personality» are interpreted on the basis of some specific cultural philosophic theory. The «conflict of interpretations» plays and essential role in personology, which participates in the processes of emergence and overcoming of the cultural crisis. Philosophical and methodological problems that define the near term perspective development of personology are formulated: whether there are any «ego invariants» that remain regardless of any possible cultural determination; whether the ego possesses any rigidity in relation to cultural determination and, if it does, what is the nature of this rigidity; whether ego identity is destroyed when cultural determination diminishes or ceases, etc.
This paper investigates the language situation in Moscow schools with an ethnocultural component – a new form of national schools. The analysis is based on interviews which were recorded in 2007, in two Moscow schools, one of them with Armenian ethno-cultural component, and the other, with Azeri. The sample included ten students from each school (five boys and five girls).
In the paper the process of linguistic integration of Azeri and Armenian children into modern Russian society is analyzed. The comparison between these two groups is particularly appealing, because the effects of Soviet Russification, and the language situations in general, were different in Armenia and in Azerbaijan. I show that this difference influences the use of language by Azeri and Armenian children.
This chapter proposes an unfolding view of the EU as a sort of post-modern neo-medieval empire, in which narratives of othering towards Central and Eastern Europe preserve their salience.
In this paper we introduce distinction between “ontologically non-fregean” logics and “pragmatically non-fregean” ones; by means of such distinction a classification of non-fregean logics is presented as well. We believe that NFL must be considered as a many-leveled structure; each level taken separately may vary in different way – from classical to non-classical. It is not these levels themselves that we should call “fregean” or “non-fregean”, but the ways they are stuck together within the whole system. The more levels a system has, the more kinds of “fregean” and “non-fregean” we can find in it.
In article features of national and confessional self-identification of the Russian youth as parts of the title nation are considered. Ethnic and national consciousness are analyzed as significant components of process of individual and group self-identification. Research covers the studying and working youth which is arrived and which initially living in the city. The youth is the object which studying allows to predict regularities of social development in the future. Consideration of a problem considers multi-confessional, multi-ethnic and boundary in the geographical relation character of Ural as region. The emphasis is placed on specifics of behavior of representatives of title nation, as youth considerably defining a social portrait. The concept of the big city is used as steady, allocated with a number of characteristic features. Authors establish the reasons of the reduced interest to a religious and ethnic identification of with group at the young people belonging to different social groups and united by residence in the large city. The conditions necessary for an intensification of process of identification are defined. Means of updating of processes of formation of identity of youth are offered.