Article
Нормативные представления о мизандрии у женщин двух поколений
The article explores the phenomenon of misandry characterized by female negative settings towards normative standards of masculinity. Misandry is due to new perceptions of femininity and masculinity and the expansion of normative boundaries of gender identities. The concept implies that certain features of hegemonic masculinity, commonly perceived as negative but normatively acceptable, are attributed to men and firmly establishes these characteristics in the gender stereotypes of the modern society. These stereotypes have become discriminatory and oppressive towards men and constitute grounds for the redefinition of female perceptions of normative masculinity. The theoretical framework of the study contains a general description of misandry and its place within society and presents the works highlighting sexism towards men and misandry attitudes. Interviews and online surveys conducted among women aged 18-55 representing two generations make up the empirical basis of the study. The authors use mixed methods combining qualitative (in-depth interview) and quantitative (online survey) techniques. The misandry phenomenon is operationalized and described in detail; particular attention is paid to its four key components. The authors developed a misandry scale which helped to assess how the phenomenon is manifested in the two generations as well as to reveal the relationships to socio-demographic characteristics
This chapter looks into two paradoxes of the post-Soviet Russian gender order and post-Soviet
Russian masculinities. The first paradox is a large-scale, well documented structural
contradiction which has persisted throughout the entire post-Soviet period of Russian history:
despite the fact that military service remains a constitutional duty of male citizens in Russia, only
a minority of men in the draft pool end up serving in the armed forces. The second paradox,
commonly known but underexplored, relates to the symbolic dimensions of gender relations in
Russia. I addressed this issue in my relatively small-scale qualitative research project on
contemporary Russian masculinities: I found that despite harsh criticism of the contemporary
Russian army and personal unwillingness to serve in the military, only a small number of the
research participants expressed consistent antimilitary sentiments and/or considered military
service as unnecessary and pointless. My research also showed that the military and militarism
remain a crucially important gendered terrain on which Russian masculinities are contested and
achieved. This is evident even in the context of a severe crisis of the national military, and even
for men who have no experience of military service.
The paper exmines methodological reflection on current discussion about “third methodological movement” (or “third research community”) that supposes the combination of the qualitative and quantitative approaches to implement the multimethod research strategy for more comprehensive understanding of social phenomenon. The main steps on the development of the methodological movement, Russian translation of the term ‘MMR’ and current competitive classifications of the research designs are described. The perspectives are discussed in the last part of the paper.
Over 200,000 people became internally displaced after several violent conflicts in the early 1990s in Georgia. For many internally displaced persons (IDPs), gender relations have been transformed significantly. This translates to many women taking on the role of breadwinner for their family, which often is accompanied by the process of demasculinization for men. In this article, we examine the construction of masculinities and analyze the gendered processes of displacement and living in post-displacement for Georgian IDPs from Abkhazia. We identify the formation of ‘traumatic masculinities’ as a result of the threats to, though not usurpation of, hegemonic masculinities. Drawing on interviews, we highlight how IDPs conceptualize gender norms and masculinities in Georgia. Despite the disruptions that displacement has brought about, with the subsequent challenges to IDPs’ ideal masculine roles, the discourses of hegemonic masculinities still predominate amongst IDPs. We further illustrate this point by identifying two separate gendered discourses of legitimization that attempt to reconcile hegemonic masculinities with the current contexts and circumstances that IDPs face. These new traumatic masculinities do coexist with hegemonic masculinities, although the latter are reformed and redefined as a result of the new contexts and new places within which they are performed.
The diverse and contested nature of the contemporary skinhead scene makes it impossible to identify a single common body regime, or set of gender norms, characteristic of the skinhead (sub)culture. This chapter explores one example of how these fraternal bonds and spaces are constituted. It pays particular attention to practices of the body (individual and collective) within the group and how these practices were enacted to confirm its skinhead identity while shaping a particular regime of closeness and intimacy. It considers, firstly, the group as a particular form of fraternity based on homosocial bonds of friendship, closeness and (dis)trust. Secondly, the aesthetics and the ethics of intimacy within the group are discussed. In particular practices of displaying the – naked and bare – body of the skinhead are considered as well as tests of, and conflicts over, the meaning of the intimacies that these practices forge. Finally, the chapter explores these practices in the context of the wider and competing masculinities through which they are enacted.
The paper represents the way in which mind mapping operates for teaching process. It also demonstrates the application of formative assessment in mind mapping adopting for teaching and learning. Formative assessment is designed as a mixed methods research. It includes participant observation, questionnaire, and classroom discussions on students’ mind maps. Assessment feedback is considered as an important phase of new teaching method’s adoption for a master program. The paper contributes to the current literature by shifting the focus from students’ academic achievements to process of the method’s adoption; by discussing formative assessment approach to mind mapping. The results show costs and benefits of mind mapping for students and support appropriateness of formative assessment for mind mapping adoption. The ways to improve mind mapping process in the current context and directions for future research are discussed.
Several approaches to the concept of fatherhood present in Western sociological tradition are analyzed and compared: biological determinism, social constructivism and biosocial theory. The problematics of fatherhood and men’s parental practices is marginalized in modern Russian social research devoted to family and this fact makes the traditional inequality in family relations, when the father’s role is considered secondary compared to that of mother, even stronger. However, in Western critical men’s studies several stages can be outlined: the development of “sex roles” paradigm (biological determinism), the emergence of the hegemonic masculinity concept, inter-disciplinary stage (biosocial theory). According to the approach of biological determinism, the role of a father is that of the patriarch, he continues the family line and serves as a model for his ascendants. Social constructivism looks into man’s functions in the family from the point of view of masculine pressure and establishing hegemony over a woman and children. Biosocial theory aims to unite the biological determinacy of fatherhood with social, cultural and personal context. It is shown that these approaches are directly connected with the level of the society development, marriage and family perceptions, the level of egality of gender order.