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Земства и социокультурная трансформация в конце XIX – начале XX вв.: возможности и противоречия (на материалах Пермской губернии)
The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by a profound socio-cultural transformation in Russia. This process of change affected socio-cultural structures, values, norms, and lifestyles in society due to various factors. The Zemstvo institutions played a significant role in these transformations, particularly in education, culture, and health care on the local level. Therefore, the goal of this research is to discover the transformative potential of the Perm Zemstvo and the possibilities and challenges of initiatives within the socio-cultural sphere. One of the most important sources for revealing the transformational potential of zemstvo institutions are legislative and regulatory acts - provisions and rules, decrees and orders of government institutions and gubernia administration regarding zemstvo institutions, which allow us to identify the legal basis for the establishment and functioning of zemstvo institutions, and the state's attitude towards them as well as the direction of state policy on the researched issues. Other important sources include materials of zemstvo paperwork, journals and reports of gubernia and district zemstvo assemblies, works, resolutions and decisions of congresses of various associations and organizations, periodical publications, including zemstvo publications, which help to identify the main zemstvo initiatives, opportunities, and limitations of the Perm zemstvo in the sociocultural transformation of the region. As a result, the factors that shape and reveal the transformational potential of the Perm Zemstvo have been identified. These include control from the administration, the composition of zemstvo deputies, opportunities for co-participation, practices of zemstvo mobility, and the state of public education during the period is considered as well. However, these factors also contain contradictions that have not yet been overcome during Zemstvo history, but have often become more acute, making it difficult to realize the transformation potential of the Zemstvo.