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Кицдойч как тенденция современного развития немецкого языка
The object of the article is an actively studied linguistic phenomenon, which was born as a variation of the German language in the speech of young ethnic Turks from Kiez - neighborhoods of big cities, where migrants of several generations - from the first guest workers from Turkey to their grandchildren and great-grandchildren, who were born in Germany - live compactly. Originally, the language of communication in Kiez was a broken German-Turkish hybrid, a kind of Turkish slang, which by today has undergone significant changes: it has moved beyond the migrant neighborhoods and acquired a certain subcultural prestige. Modern Kiezdeutsch is spoken not only by young representatives of non-German ethnic groups, who have an excellent command of both the language of their parents and the language of their living environment, and can easily switch from one language code to another. German speakers - schoolchildren and students - also intentionally use foreign, "hybrid" linguistic elements in their speech, imitating the foreign accent and twisting the structures of the German sentence and grammatical forms of its components, thus creating a certain variation of the German language, a new version of urban slang.
The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest in the phenomenon under consideration: scholars from different countries discuss various aspects of Kiezdeutsch: the reasons for its emergence, its status and linguistic features. Some researchers draw parallels with German dialects and sociolects, and the concept of multi-ethnolect appears. There is an obvious need to determine the position of Kiezdeutsch in a wide range of linguistic variations - a task that the authors attempt to solve: they have argued that Kiezdeutsch can hardly be referred to dialects or multi-ethnolects, it is more correct to define it as an urban youth slang.
The novelty of the present review is due to the appeal to the samples of diachronic linguistic changes illustrating the tendency of language to economy and simplification: the authors argue that the German language is actively moving towards a case-less and non-lexical morphological structure. This development is predetermined, in addition, by the influence of English, new forms of virtual communication. Ethnicity of Kiezdeutsch, fundamentally important at the first stage of the phenomenon's formation, has gone into the background today, becoming only a source and thematic background of slang creation.
The methodological basis of the study is the sociolinguistic approach, which studies the issues of social conditioning of language and the processes of language change as its consequence. The theoretical basis of the study is the works on the study of language contacts on the background of multi-ethnic space, considering the processes of language interaction, the role of social and cultural environment of contact, its sociological and linguistic consequences.
The empirical base of the study consists of recordings of everyday conversations in Kiezdeutsch, collected in the Kiezdeutschkorpus (KiDKo) corpus, as well as in Internet forums and social networks. The total volume of the analyzed material amounts to 800 utterances.
The authors characterize the specific features of Kiezdeutsch at all levels of the linguistic system due to the interaction and interpenetration of cultures coexisting in Germany. At the phonetic level, Kiezdeutsch shows a mixture of articulatory and prosodic features of Turkish and Arabic, "seasoned" with the influence of hip-hop culture; innovations at the lexical level represent word creation using all the possibilities of the language - from the potential of word formation to semantic derivation and borrowings. Kiezdeutsch develops new morphological forms of the imperative, convenient in use, expanding, as researchers believe, the verb paradigm; it adds to the list of functional verbs, which in combination with nouns replace full-meaning verbs; it refuses to use prepositions when indicating location and time, ignores generic and case inflection of nouns and adjectives. The peculiarities of Kiezdeutsch syntax testify to the refusal of its speakers from the rules of traditional German word order in favor of a new logic of the information structure of the utterance, focusing on communicatively important elements and pragmatics of the utterance.
The researchers' point of view on the degree of influence of Kiezdeutsch on the literary norm of the German language is presented, which for several decades changed from a sharply negative opinion about this phenomenon to its acceptance as a productive model of language development, expanding its expressive possibilities.