The European revolutions and revolutionary waves of the 19th century: Their causes and consequences

P. 281–313.

Grinin L. E.

In the nineteenth century revolutions and social movements had a number of basic causes. Some of them were associated with increasing national consciousness. These can be characterized as national or national-liberation revolutions. Their major objective was defined by their aspiration to create a proper state for the “nation”. Other revolutions were of the democratic type with liberal slogans aimed at overthrowing monarchical power or its restriction and the creation of a constitutional monarchy or republic with political freedoms [about the typology of revolutions see Chapter “Evolution and typology of revolutions” (Grinin, 2022a) and Chapter “Revolutionary waves and lines of the 20th century” (Grinin & Grinin, 2022, in this volume)]. Aside from these major types, some revolutions were also connected with the rights of pretenders to the throne like, for example, the Spanish revolution of 1834–1843.

Keywords: revolutions, European revolution, Waves of Revolutions

Publication based on the results of: New revolution wave at the Afrasian instability zone (2022)

In book

Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century. The New Waves of Revolutions, and the Causes and Effects of Disruptive Political Change

Grinin L. E., Korotayev A., Karasev D., Rozov N., Grinin A., Selbin E., Mitchell L., Goldstone J. Springer, 2022.