Торговые ограничения как инструмент международного давления (на примере импортных поставок в Россию)

США и Канада: экономика, политика, культура. 2026. Т. 10. С. 37–50.

Biryukova O. V.

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the application of trade restrictions as a tool of international pressure using the case of import supplies to Russia. Special attention is paid to legal conflicts within the World Trade Organization (WTO) related to the application of national security exceptions (Article XXI of the GATT), and the crisis of the organization’s dispute resolution mechanism. Based on the analysis of statistical data for 2019–2024, the transformation of the structure of Russian imports is assessed, and key mechanisms of economic adaptation, including parallel imports and reorientation to alternative suppliers, are identified. The study concludes that sanctions pressure has had a dual effect on Russia. On the one hand, a partial reduction in direct imports from the initiators of anti-Russian sanctions has been achieved; on the other hand, a new structural vulnerability has emerged due to the excessive concentration of supplies on a limited number of alternative partners. The author concludes that trade restrictions as a tool of pressure have ambiguous and often unpredictable effects, undermining the stability of international economic relations and imposing strategic costs on the initiating countries, which lose their traditional markets.

Keywords: импорт, санкции, World Trade Organization, imports, sanctions, торговые ограничения, Всемирная торговая организация, trade restrictions, alternative suppliers, альтернативные поставщики