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Институциональная конкуренция и столкновение цивилизаций в процессе модернизации
The article is the study of such a phenomenon as institutional competition in the
framework of a civilizational approach. An institution is described as a complex,
composite category. Various approaches of modern authors to its definition and
the divergence of their interpretations are revealed. The author of this article identifies
informal institutions with culture, which is defined as rooted mass beliefs
about a just social order. Formal institutions are ultimately determined by culture,
but are not related to it. Civilizations, or social orders, are divided into two types:
lawful and violent. The former is based on protected private property, whereas
the latter represents the so-called power-property, when the state is the explicit
or implicit supreme owner. Institutional competition between the lawful and violent
civilizations implies competition for the replacement of one of the competing
parties’ fundamental institutions with alternative institutions of the other. In
this respect, it differs radically from institutional competition between countries
of the same civilization type, where evolutionary selection of institutions occurs
while maintaining a common institutional core. Modernization is a dual concept.
On the one hand, it acts as westernization, i.e. the displacement of institutions of
the violent civilization by its alternative. Completed westernization would mean,
for one country or another, a change in the civilizational paradigm. On the other
hand, countries belonging to the violent civilization hold back westernization, and
resort to adaptive modernization in the form of organizational and technical improvements
as well as controlled market transformations that do not destroy their
institutional cores. In the 21st century, no rapprochement of civilizations can be
observed: on the contrary, they are being alienated from each other.