Философия истории и ее теологические предпосылки в творчестве Н.А. Бердяева

История философии. 2024. Т. 29. № 2. С. 18–28.

Платанова А. С.

The category of the meaning of history has long existed in European philosophy as one of its fun-damental themes, which has undergone many collisions during its development. The last centuryhas been marked by a radical revision of approaches to this theme both in the philosophy of his-tory and in the tradition of intellectual history. In the twentieth century, Kant’s historical criti-cismwas taken by German thought to its logical conclusion in such a way that the assertionofthemeaning of history has actually suffered a fiasco in the field of rationalist philosophy.Thepurpose of this article is to attempt to show how the Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev,witnessing the spiritual and political crisis of European and Russian culture, seeks a solutiontothis problem within the philosophy of history, reformulating the problem of the meaning of his-tory in a metaphysical way. To do this, he investigates theologically the foundations on whichthehistoriosophic projects of the New Age are built, and tries to resolve the contradictionsintheunderstanding of Christian revelation that are revealed in them. Returning the questionofthe meaning of history to its theological source allows Berdyaev to reconcile the contradictoryhopes of philosophers of history for the realization of the personal freedom of its subjects withtheexistence of a universally meaningful sense in it.

Keywords: история, history, Бог, секуляризация, христианство, Hegel, secularization, Kant, evil, зло, Christianity, эсхатология, God, teleology, телеология, eschatology, историософия, historiosophy, the meaning of history, смысл истории, Г. В. Ф. Гегель, И. Кант, Н.А.Бердяев, N.A. Berdyaev, K. Löwith, К. Лёвит