От персонализма к эсхатологии. Образы зла в произведениях Ф.М. Достоевского в контексте постсекулярной теории

Человек. 2026. Т. 37. № 5. С. 7–24.

Kharitonov T. I.

The article offers a philosophical reconstruction of the forms of explaining evil in Dostoevsky’s works within the context of post-secular theory and the theory of the compensation of modernity developed by O. Marquard and H. Lübbe. The problematization of evil in the writer’s oeuvre is examined from a diachronic perspective as a transition from the aestheticism of the works of the 1840s, to personalism in the 1860s, and to eschatology in the 1870s‑1880s. The late Dostoevsky’s consistent rejection of a teleological understanding of history — which in nineteenth-century philosophy functioned as an alternative to theodicy — in favor of a catastrophic conception of the action of sin in the world is interpreted as an attempt to engage in dialogue with secular philosophy and to point to the indestructibility and inexplicability of evil as a universal problem not limited to religious discourse. The critique of ideological mechanisms of manipulation, the exploration of irrational and unconscious forms of perpetrating and permitting evil, and the emergence of a discourse on collective guilt and indirect responsibility for the moral evil in Dostoevsky’s works highlight the relevance of his ideas in the context of debates on the reflexivity of modernity and the problem of evil after the Holocaust in the XX century. Contrary to the conventional interpretation of Dostoevsky as a religious thinker, who criticizes rationalism from the standpoint of Christian faith, we argue that in his works the writer primarily emphasizes the practical and ethical aspects of the problem of evil — relevant both within religious and atheistic worldviews — which, in turn, point out on postsecular character of his philosophical worldview.

Keywords: эсхатология, theodicy, теодицея, Ф.М. Достоевский, персонализм, постсекулярность, personalism, postsecularism, problem of evil, проблема зла, Dostoevsky F. M