Стратегии планирования в условиях городского сжатия в России: исследование малых и средних городов

Мир России: Социология, этнология. 2020. Т. 29. № 3. С. 121–141.

Gunko M., Еременко Ю. А., Батунова Е. Ю.

In the last decades of the 20th century, urban shrinkage has become an evident process in many countries with significant, long-term, and stable depopulation as its main feature. In the post-Soviet Russia, cities with a population less than 100,000 people (small and medium-sized cities – SMSC) are the most depopulating ones. In 182 of them, population loss since 1989 accounts for 25% and over. The new demographic reality, which alters the cityscape and infrastructure requirements, calls for a rethinking of urban planning. The current research is aimed at the analysis of projected spatial development in SMSC under conditions of significant depopulation to highlight the utilized strategies of long-term urban planning. Attention is also paid to how the choice of strategies may be shaped by the main actors and their coalitions. The empirical data were obtained through the analysis of 132 general plans and semi-structured interviews with the representatives of administrations, business, and the local communities in two cities – Vorkuta (Komi Republic) and Apatity (Murmansk oblast). The results of general plans’ analysis indicate that urban shrinkage with rare exceptions is ignored as a current and future reality. The key topic of urban planning lies in the creation of conditions for maximizing profits from the use of real estate and land. Vorkuta turned out to be the only city among those analyzed where the adaptation strategy is in use. There are several actors interested in such planning strategy with the formation of a coalition aimed at costs reduction. Apatity, on the contrary, is a typical case of planning for growth under conditions of shrinkage due to the lack of interested actors, as well as a deep misunderstanding of shrinkage’s complexity and consequences.

Keywords: городское планирование, urban planning, urban regimes, городские режимы, города Арктики, shrinking cities, городское сжатие, urban shrinkage, small and medium-sized cities, сжимающиеся города, малые и средние города, Arctic cities