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Семантические типы импликатур и условия их возникновения (на материале Корпуса газетных заголовков)
The paper aims at contributing to a typology of implicatures via their analysis in news headlines. By implicatures we mean cancellable implicit senses, irrespectively of whether they are inherent in lexical meanings or occur in certain contextual conditions. While generally implicatures are difficult to tie to a particular type of lexical environment, our analysis of headlines allows us to make a step in this direction. Headlines often use implicatures instead of assertions to convey information about the content of the article. Causal implicatures are the most frequent type in our sample. We study two types of causal implicatures. The first occurs in sentences with predicates that have a semantic argument of Cause, syntactically unexpressed in the sentence. If either the noun attribute or the noun itself contains an element of value judgment, it can be interpreted as filling the Cause argument of the predicate: to reward the hero (= ‘to reward a person for heroism’), to punish the criminal (= ‘to punish a person for the crime’). When Cause is thus expressed, it is an implicature and is cancellable: He rewarded the winner of the sports contest, yet not for the victory, but for volunteer work in a hospice. Another type of causal implicatures occurs in utterances with expressions of temporal sequence, such as after: After their quarrel she called it quits (= ‘Because of their quarrel, she decided to break up with him’). While in some languages causal implicatures of temporal prepositions are grammaticalized as new lexical meanings, Russian temporal prepositions do not develop separate causal senses. This makes them an ideal context for causal implicatures, and headlines use posle ‘after’ to imply a causal relationship between the events described in the article, without committing the author to a definite statement to this effect. We also consider qualitative and factual implicatures which occur in certain specific contexts.