Поддержка политики равного и неравного распределения доходов: роль воспринимаемых угроз

Социальная психология и общество. 2025. Т. 16. № 1. С. 70–88.

Prusova I., Gorokhova A. S.

Objective. Analysis of the role of perceived threats in support of equal and unequal income distribution.

Background. Global crises affect people's socio-economic well-being by causing various fears. Internal threats, subjective perception of threats and societal threats lead to the support of attitudes that legitimize inequality in the economic sphere. Previous research did not examine post-Soviet countries where egalitarianism, along with meritocracy, could also represent a defense ideology. This induces the question about the role of perceived threats in support of different principles of income distribution in the Russian context.

Study design. The current study tested a model in which internal, societal threats, subjective perception of threats were included as predictors, support for equal and unequal distribution – as dependent variables, and socio-demographic characteristics – as control variables.

Participants. 582 participants in Russia (49% of men, 51% of women) aged from 18 to 74 years (M = 37,38; SD = 11,27) took part in the study.

Measurements. Study participants completed questionnaires on the fear of death (Wong et al.; Chistopol'skaya et al.), belief in a dangerous world and belief in a competitive world (Duckitt et al.; Gulevich et al.), support of equal or unequal income distribution (Kluegel & Smith; Prusova et al.), and financial threat scale to measure threats of socio-economic inequality and poverty (Marjanovic et al.; Prusova et al.).

Results. The results of the structural equation modeling showed the adequate fit of this model: χ2 (378) = 847; RMSEA = 0,046 [0,042; 0,050]; SRMR = 0,051; TLI = 0,937; CFI = 0,944. Fear of death and belief in a competitive world positively contribute to support of unequal income distribution, while belief in a dangerous world and threat of socio-economic inequality enhanced support for equality in income distribution.

Conclusions. The response to perceived threats is not universal and directly depends on the specifics of the threat. Internal threats actualize the desire for material profit, leading to support of unequal income distribution. Societal threats lead to support of equal income distribution as a guarantee of preserving social order under increased uncertainty.

Keywords: вера в опасный мир, вера в конкурентный мир, social beliefs, социальные верования, страх смерти, belief in a competitive world, belief in a dangerous world, fear of death, equal and unequal income distribution, политика распределения доходов, социально-экономические угрозы