Article
Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dot Solids for Photovoltaic Applications
Quantum dot (QD) solids represent a new type of condensed matter drawing high fundamental and applied interest. Quantum confinement in individual QDs, combined with macroscopic scale whole materials, leads to novel exciton and charge transfer features that are particularly relevant to optoelectronic applications. This Perspective discusses the structure of semiconductor QD solids, optical and spectral properties, charge carrier transport, and photovoltaic applications. The distance between adjacent nanoparticles and surface ligands influences greatly electrostatic interactions between QDs and, hence, charge and energy transfer. It is almost inevitable that QD solids exhibit energetic disorder that bears many similarities to disordered organic semiconductors, with charge and exciton transport described by the multiple trapping model. QD solids are synthesized at low cost from colloidal solutions by casting, spraying, and printing. A judicious selection of a layer sequence involving QDs with different size, composition, and ligands can be used to harvest sunlight over a wide spectral range, leading to inexpensive and efficient photovoltaic devices.
We report on broad-area lasers, mode-locked lasers (MLLs), and superluminescent light-emitting diodes (SLDs) based on a recently developed novel type of nanostructures that we refer to as quantum well-dots (QWDs). The QWDs are intermediate in properties between quantum wells and quantum dots and combine some useful properties of both. 1.08 μm InGaAs/GaAs QWDs broad area edge-emitting lasers based on coupled large optical cavity waveguides show high internal quantum efficiency of 92%, low internal loss of 0.9 cm-1 and material gain of ~1.1∙104 cm-1 per one QWD layer. CW output power of 14.2 W is demonstrated at room temperature. Superluminescent light-emitting diodes with one QWD layer in the active region exhibit stimulated emission spectra centered at 1050 nm with the maximal full width at half maximum of 36 nm and the output power of 17 mW. First results on mode-locked operation in QWD lasers are also presented. 2 mm long two-section devices demonstrate the pulse repetition rate of 19.3 GHz and the pulse duration of 3.5 ps. The width of the radio frequency spectrum is 0.2 MHz.
We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the charge carrier transport in a disordered molecular system containing spatial and energetic disorders using the dipolar glass model. Model parameters of the material were chosen to fit a typical polar organic photoconductor polycarbonate doped with 30% of aromatic hydrazone, whose transport properties are well documented in literature. Simulated carrier mobility demonstrates a usual Poole-Frenkel field dependence and its slope is very close to the experimental value without using any adjustable parameter. At room temperature transients are universal with respect to the electric field and transport layer hickness. At the same time, carrier mobility does not depend on the layer thickness and transients develop a well-defined plateau where the current does not depend on time, thus demonstrating a non-dispersive transport regime. Tails of the transients decay as power law with the exponent close to −2. This particular feature indicates that transients are close to the boundary between dispersive and non-dispersive transport regimes. Shapes of the simulated transients are in very good agreement with the experimental ones. In summary, we provide a first verification of a self-consistency of the dipolar glass transport model, where major transport parameters, extracted from the experimental transport data, are then used in the transport simulation, and the resulting mobility field dependence and transients are in very good agreement with the initial experimental data. © 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794791]
Abstract—A theoretical analysis of the nonlinear field dependence of the pulsed radiationinduced conductiv ity of polystyrene in strong electric fields is performed. An explanation of the previously uncomprehended phe nomenon of the sharp increase in the radiationinduced electrical conductivity in the presence of an electric field with a strength of above 5 × 107 V/m is proposed. This behavior cannot be explained within the framework of Onsager’s theory of the fieldassisted thermal production of free charges from generated geminate pairs.
Our approach to the problem of charge carrier transport in homogeneous polymers assumes carrier hopping on a densely packed manifold of transport (hopping) centers retaining the short-range order of the respective single crystal. The central idea, which distinguishes it from the Bassler’s disorder theory, is that the energy scatter concerns only a small fraction of hopping centers, which begin to act as traps. The majority of isoenergetic centers build up a transfer band with microscopic mobility µ0 equal to that in the respective single crystal. The origin of the energy scatter (and traps themselves) is ascribed to the elementary voids of the fluctuation free volume forming an association with the normal hopping centers.
The dipolar disorder formalism (DDF) of Borsenberger and Bдssler has been further developed based on a unified approach treating the van der Waals and the dipolar disorder energies as being roportional to mean intersite distance in a certain power. Tested against real molecularly doped polymers with the concentration of the dopant changing in a wide range, this approach gives values of the exponent lying in the interval from _1.5 to _2.5. The total disorder is represented by an algebraic combination of four material parameters relating to the dopant and the polymer matrix weighted by their relative weight concentrations. What is important, we seem to get able to explain the near constancy of the total disorder when the concentration of the polar dopant changes. Until recently, this unusual behavior of the total disorder defied any reasonable explanation.
Quantum dot based monolithic edge-emitting semiconductor lasers at 1.25 m are ideal sources for the generation of broad optical frequency combs for optical communication applications. In this work, InAs/InGaAs quantum dot lasers with di erent total laser length to absorber length ratio and with di erent p-doping concentrations in the GaAs barrier sections are investigated experimentally in dependence on the gain injection current and absorber reverse bias voltage. A smaller mode-locking area is found for the p-doped device in dependence on the laser biasing conditions. For the undoped active region 1.3 ps short pulse widths at a pulse repetition rate of 20 GHz with a pulse-to-pulse timing jitter of 111 fs are reported for an absorber section length of 12% to the total cavity length. For an undoped and p-doped device short pulse emission between 2.5 ps and 5.5 ps is attained and a shorter absorber section length of 8% or 5%.
The dynamics of a two-component Davydov-Scott (DS) soliton with a small mismatch of the initial location or velocity of the high-frequency (HF) component was investigated within the framework of the Zakharov-type system of two coupled equations for the HF and low-frequency (LF) fields. In this system, the HF field is described by the linear Schrödinger equation with the potential generated by the LF component varying in time and space. The LF component in this system is described by the Korteweg-de Vries equation with a term of quadratic influence of the HF field on the LF field. The frequency of the DS soliton`s component oscillation was found analytically using the balance equation. The perturbed DS soliton was shown to be stable. The analytical results were confirmed by numerical simulations.
Radiation conditions are described for various space regions, radiation-induced effects in spacecraft materials and equipment components are considered and information on theoretical, computational, and experimental methods for studying radiation effects are presented. The peculiarities of radiation effects on nanostructures and some problems related to modeling and radiation testing of such structures are considered.
This volume presents new results in the study and optimization of information transmission models in telecommunication networks using different approaches, mainly based on theiries of queueing systems and queueing networks .
The paper provides a number of proposed draft operational guidelines for technology measurement and includes a number of tentative technology definitions to be used for statistical purposes, principles for identification and classification of potentially growing technology areas, suggestions on the survey strategies and indicators. These are the key components of an internationally harmonized framework for collecting and interpreting technology data that would need to be further developed through a broader consultation process. A summary of definitions of technology already available in OECD manuals and the stocktaking results are provided in the Annex section.