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Городская культурантропология в российском контексте. Часть I: Границы науки
The article offers a new look at the place of cultural anthropology of the city in the national system of the humanities. The contiguity of culturology and anthropology is substantiated according to the principle of “general/particular”, arguments and illustrations are given in favor of such a distribution of scientific problems. The system of author's provisions is based on the history of culturological thought in Russia. It is shown that the Western and Russian ways of development of cultural studies do not coincide. In the West, the study of culture is part of the anthropological problematics, that is, a wide area of research about the physical and spiritual life of mankind. In Russia, the conceptual and terminological system of sciences is built on another principle – there is no such generalization of meanings in it: culturology is an independent science, along with ethnography, linguistics, sociology, etc. Accordingly, the anthropological view of culture in the Russian context cannot displace the existing cultural experience, but should more likely complete it in certain aspects. The culture of specific individuals, communities, and societies is seen as such an area for the application of intellectual efforts. Культурология, теория и история культуры / Culturology, the theory and cultural history 75 According to the author, the culturology of the city and the cultural anthropology of the city are two oppositely aligned research areas. The first of them covers such issues as properties, genesis, manifestations that make up urban culture, etc., while the second focuses on cultural portraits of cities and proceeds from the principle that the culture of each city is unique. At the same time, in terms of their problems, the culturology of the city and the cultural anthropology of the city undoubtedly intersect. The question of urban types is chosen as the main example illustrating the proposed view of the system of sciences. Within the framework of culturology, its solution is seen in the plane of identifying and characterizing cultural models of cities, i.e. schemes, enclosed in urban cultures and abstracted from individual manifestations. The anthropological path runs through the establishment of whether the cultural portrait of a particular city coincides with one or another model. If so, to which model (s) does the cultural image of a particular city gravitate, what features of the model are embodied in it? If not, what is its specificity, in what aspects, features, details does it manifest itself? At the end of the article, additional explanations are introduced on the division of atropological and urbanistic views on the city, the methodological status of urban theory, approaches to the analysis of urban culture.