Разрыв в ожидаемой продолжительности жизни между мужчинами и женщинами в развитых странах: больше общего или различного?

Демографическое обозрение. 2021. Т. 8. № 4. С. 6–39.

Vergeles M.

The sex gap in life expectancy (LE) at birth is currently narrowing in all high-income countries. Previous research on Western European and English - speaking (WE&ES) countries suggested that smoking-related mortality at ages 50+ was largely responsible for both widening and subsequent narrowing of the gap. However, countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have had particularly high excess male mortality at young and middle ages that can`t be fully attributed to smoking-related causes. We use the Human Mortality Database to examine the patterns and time trends in sex differences in LE across 41 high-income countries and 7 country groups from 1959 to 2014. Contour decomposition is applied to estimate the contribution of different ages to the narrowing of the sex gap. While the UK was the first country to reach a peak in the sex gap in 1969, Greece did so only half a century later, in 2009. The largest male disadvantage in LE was observed in Russia in 2005 (13.7 years), while Israel’s peak in 1999 was just 4.4 years. There is a persistent difference between countries and particularly country groups in the age-specific contribution to the maximum sex gap. In WE&ES countries, ages older than 50 play the major role in determining the sex gap, while CEE countries have high excess male mortality in young and middle ages (20 - 50). The narrowing of the sex gap in CEE countries hasn`t substantially changed the age contribution. Differences in the sex gap between countries add a new dimension to a previously established East-West mortality divide. Country specifics must be taken into account to develop public health policies aimed at reducing sex mortality inequalities.

Keywords: mortality, ожидаемая продолжительность жизни, decomposition, неравенство в смертности, mortality inequality, sex gap in life expectancy, gender differences in health, гендерные различия в здоровье, различия в смертности между мужчинами и женщинами, контурная декомпозиция

Publication based on the results of: Demographic consequences of COVID-19 epidemic in Russia (2021)