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Идея справедливости Амартии Сена
One of the key themes in political philosophy second half of XX century is the theory of justice. Conception was created by John Rawls and found big numbers of followers and opponents. One of the most significant scientists who researched on Theory of Justice was Amartya Sen. He worked from the second half of the XX century till the beginning of the XXI century. Sen offered an original view on The Problem of Justice and set on the general provisions, that formed the basis of “Capability Approach” – the approach that was built on opportunities for each individual. This conception developed in the first decades of the XXI century and also is significant influential these days.
A focus of Sen’s conception is critique so-called “transcendental institutionalism”. Sen linked with this conception not only Rawls and his followers but their irreconcilable opponents like Robert Nozick. Failing to do this approach has enabled him to rise above classical discussion about the nature of justice. At the beginning of the XXI century, a classical discussion has stalled. Sen used original methodology and approaches and was able to create real global theory. Sen’s theory was bidding to resolve many questions of human development.
A new method which Sen proposed take him opportunity to leave from transcendentalism in his theory but on the other hand he takes the main focus on the process of public reasoning and closely related with it democratic process. These features of Sen theory create the preconditions to critique his conception. Metamorphoses of democracy in the modern world do not support hopes related to the growth of freedom, developing and solidarity in the world. Sen himself opted not to use institutional model and it not allowed him to create an idealistic goal. Such an Idealistic model of society could help him to resolve challenges facing democracy and to create direction and goal but Sen consciously abandons that to hope that society resolves these problems themselves. In this article, we argue that it is unreasonably optimistic.
Key words and combinations: justice; transcendental institutionalism; social contract; consequentialism; utilitarianism; freedom; method of impartial spectator; institutionalism; utilitarianism; public reasoning; democracy.