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Динамика положения российских женщин на рынке труда в первые годы после рождения ребенка: как меняется «штраф за материнство»?
Paper considers the motherhood penalty phenomenon in Russia. The authors follow the dynamics of the employment rates and salaries among Russian women during several years after the childbirth and compare it to the indicators referring to childless women and women with older children. In addition, the authors discuss the subjective expectations and prospects of women with and without children in the labor market. The analysis bases on the 2000-2014 Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) data. To account for wages differentiation produced by differences in the socio-demographic and qualification composition of mothers and non-mothers, authors track relative wages of women estimated as a percentage of their own earnings at the beginning of observation. The authors reveal that differences in relative wages of mothers and childless women on average vanish by the end of the 3-year-long childcare leave. At that, the minimum size and duration of penalty is observed among 30-39-year-old women with higher or postgraduate education, while the maximum refers to young mothers with secondary education (or lower) living in urban areas. Apart from that, the authors discover a non-monetary motherhood penalty showing that women with children are less confident about their position in the labor market and job opportunities in the future, especially if they return to work after a short childcare leave when public childcare services are not yet available.