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Выбросы парниковых газов в течение жизненного цикла: электромобили и автомобили с двигателем внутреннего сгорания
The article assesses life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engine vehicles and battery electric vehicles including emissions from production, operation, maintenance, battery replacement and disposal. The author uses data on the carbon intensity of electricity generation in the European Union, USA and China – leaders in global energy transition – to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from the operation of electric vehicles taking into account electricity losses in the grid and during charging. It is shown that low-emission European electricity generation allows electric vehicles to achieve a level of greenhouse gas emissions over their life cycle that is lower than that of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles even with battery replacement and vehicle disposal, but at the same time, in terms of technical characteristics, electric vehicles are inferior to their counterparts. In the USA, due to the displacement of coal generation by gas, the carbon intensity of electricity has decreased, therefore, the use of electric vehicles leads to a decrease in emissions with an exclusion of battery replacement and disposal, but considering the latter, the volume of emissions is already comparable. Moreover, with the same technical characteristics, the emissions of electric vehicles will be significantly higher. In China, the dominance of carbon-intensive coal-fired power generation means that EV emissions are always higher than those of combustion engine vehicles. With the Chinese government planning to peak coal power generation around 2025, emissions from China’s electric power sector will certainly remain high for the next decade. The Chinese EV market remains the largest in the world, so the overall promotion of EVs is leading to an overall increase in global greenhouse gas emissions. As China’s electric power sector decarbonizes and shifts to new types of batteries that come with fewer emissions during their production and disposal, EVs’ greenhouse gas emissions will reduce. China is still only building the industry and infrastructure needed for the energy transition. At the same time, EV sales in Europe as a whole are stagnating due to the reduction of government support in Norway and the end of subsidies in Germany.