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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization amidst the Rising International Tensions
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), established over two decades ago, stands as one of the most prominent international entities within the non-Western geopolitical sphere. Despite garnering significant interest from regional actors, the SCO continues to seek strategic direction, develop innovative frameworks, and formalize new agreements. This analysis delineates the principal vectors underpinning the SCO’s trajectory: security, economic integration, energy cooperation, cultural exchange, and public engagement, particularly through academic programming. Furthermore, the article examines the SCO’s contributions to the conceptualization and advancement of Greater Eurasia. Drawing on an extensive review of the SCO’s adopted documents, the organizational bodies established under its aegis, as well as expert and official discourse, the authors posit that the SCO demonstrates considerable potential across these domains and has attained noteworthy success, particularly in the realm of security. Nonetheless, it is observed that the implementation of policies and decisions has at times been incomplete and inconsistently executed by both the organization and its member states. Despite these challenges, the SCO has emerged as a vital mechanism not only for fostering cooperative relationships among its members but also for ensuring security and stability throughout the Eurasian region. The geopolitical upheaval of 2022 has brought serious changes to the international system, increasing the importance of the SCO and driving its ongoing development and deep transformation to boost its effectiveness. This article explores potential paths for this transformation across the SCO’s main areas of focus: security cooperation, economic and energy collaboration, and cultural cooperation alongside academic and expert dialogue.