From Hegel to the Metaverse: Eigentum, Eigenschaftslosigkeit, and the Fate of Human Capital

Philosophies. 2026. Vol. 11. No. 4. Article 102.

Vladislav L. Zhdanov, Antrushina K.

This study presents an interdisciplinary examination of the intersections between human capital theory, philosophical interpretations of property, and contemporary housing and aspirational patterns in Germany and the United Kingdom. Drawing upon classical economic thought, Hegel’s philosophy of right, and Marx’s theory of alienation, the analysis demonstrates that falling homeownership rates and the reorientation of youth aspirations toward non-material domains reflect the structural impossibility of realizing Eigentum—property understood as an extension of personhood. These developments exemplify what Marx termed Eigenschaftslosigkeit, the condition of being divested of essential human attributes. The findings reveal a social configuration in which the Hegelian conception of Eigentum as a universal medium for freedom has been systematically denied to younger generations while the Marxian prospect of collective emancipation remains unfulfilled. The paper does not claim that virtual environments directly substitute for material property; rather, it proposes the metaverse as a conceptual horizon that illuminates the compensatory logic of a generation structurally excluded from Eigentum.

Keywords: человеческий капитал, Гегель, Hegel, Карл Маркс, Karl Marx, метавселенная, metaverse, human capital, Eigentum, Eigenschaftslosigkeit