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Associations between 2D:4D from direct and radiographic measurements with handgrip strength in young adult Tuvans
Background: Digit ratio (2D:4D) – the relative lengths of the index and ring finger – is sexually dimorphic (male <
female), possibly because of the sex-differentiated impact of prenatal androgenization on fetal development in
the 1st trimester. The sex difference remains stable with age and has been reported in children, adolescents, and
adults from industrialized and non-industrialized societies. Handgrip strength (HGS) also is sexually dimorphic
(males > females) and correlates negatively with 2D:4D.
Aims: To examine in a sample of young adult Tuvans from Siberia (Russian Federation): i) the association between
2D:4D measured directly from the palms with 2D:4D measured from radiographic images of the same
individuals and ii) the associations between 2D:4D and HGS in Tuvan men and women.
Study design and subjects: The study was cross-sectional. Participants were Tuvans (n = 185; 80 men; mean age =
21.02 years). 2D:4D was measured with a caliper from the ventral surface of the palm (both hands) and from
radiographic images (left hand). HGS of both hands was measured with a digital hand dynamometer. Body height
and weight were measured with an anthropometer and a body composition scale.
Results: 2D:4D ratios and anthropometric measures (including HGS) were sexually dimorphic. Men had lower
2D:4D and higher HGS than women. Direct measures of 2D:4D correlated positively with 2D:4D measured from
radiographs. Body mass index (BMI) was a significant predictor of HGS for both sexes. Male right 2D:4D and
female right and left 2D:4D correlated negatively with HGS after controlling for the influence of BMI. There were
no associations with radiographic measurements of 2D:4D.
Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence of sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D among young adult Tuvans. Together
with previous research on Tuvan children and adolescents, these findings provide clear evidence of 2D:4D sexual
dimorphism in pre- and postpubertal Tuvans. The small negative association between 2D:4D and HGS corresponds
to similar reports across populations, suggesting that 2D:4D is a weak correlate of muscular fitness.