Phase randomness in a semiconductor laser: Issue of quantum random-number generation

Physical Review A: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics. 2023. Vol. 107. No. 1. Article 012616.

Shakhovoy R., Marius P., Sharoglazova V., Duplinskiy A., Sych D., Maksimova E., Hydyrova S., Tumachek A., Mironov Y., Kovalyuk V., Prokhodtsov A., Goltsman G., Kurochkin Y.

Gain-switched lasers are in demand in numerous quantum applications, particularly in systems of quantum key distribution and in various optical quantum random number generators. The reason for this popularity is natural phase randomization between gain-switched laser pulses. The idea of such randomization has become so familiar that most authors use it without regard to the features of the laser operation mode they use. However, at high repetition rates of laser pulses or when pulses are generated at a bias current close to the threshold, the phase randomization condition may be violated. This paper describes theoretical and experimental methods for estimating the degree of phase randomization in a gain-switched laser. We consider in detail different situations of laser pulse interference and show that the interference signal remains quantum in nature even in the presence of classical phase drift in the interferometer provided that the phase diffusion in a laser is efficient enough. Moreover, we formulate the relationship between the previously introduced quantum reduction factor and the leftover hash lemma. Using this relationship, we develop a method to estimate the quantum noise contribution to the interference signal in the presence of phase correlations. Finally, we introduce a simple experimental method based on the analysis of statistical interference fringes, providing more detailed information about the probabilistic properties of laser pulse interference.

Keywords: Photonic integrated circuits (PICs), Quantum random-number generation