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The Hittite periphrastic perfect
P. 377–410.
Inglese G., Luraghi S.
In Hittite, the meaning associated with the Proto-Indo-European perfect, i.e. to indicate a state resulting from a change-of-state event, was covered by compound verb forms consisting of the -ant- participle plus the finite forms of the verbs ḫar(k)- “have” and eš- “be”. The origin and the function of this construction have been a matter of debate. In this chapter, we review the standard description of the Hittite periphrastic perfect, and reassess its status and function based on an analysis of its occurrences in texts ranging from Old to New Hittite. We argue that periphrastic forms involving ḫar(k)-/eš- and the participle instantiate three different constructions: the stative construction and two distinct auxiliary verb constructions, i.e. the passive and the perfect. We also suggest that the stative construction was probably the most ancient, and that the perfect construction, which functions as an anterior, constitutes a later development.
Muraviev N., Linguistica Uralica 2025 Vol. 61 No. 2 P. 106–130
This study investigates the morphosyntactic coding of core arguments in Northern Khanty, with a
focus on the use of active/passive voice and subjective/objective conjugation. The goal is to offer a
more detailed understanding of the coding patterns across dialects. To achieve this, I analyze corpus
data from four Northern Khanty dialects: Obdorsk, Shuryshkary, Tegi, and Kazym Khanty, using ...
Added: December 24, 2025
Muraviev N., Voprosy Jazykoznanija 2024 Vol. 5 P. 65–79
The study examines contexts in Northern Khanty where the presence of internal possessors in the noun phrases of the core arguments influences their morphosyntactic coding. Based on the corpus data from the Kazym dialect of Khanty, I investigate contexts in which the presence of a third-person topical possessor in the agent or patient NP leads ...
Added: December 24, 2025
Ermolova M., Moroz G., Slovĕne 2024 Т. 13 № 2 С. 157–183
The paper comperes the functioning of the shi-forms in two Pskov dialects and one Smolensk dialect. Participial forms have different predicative functions in the Pskov dialects: they are used for marking not only a perfective action, but also a consecutive action and a main predicate in the adverbial clause. The Smolensk dialect differs from Pskov ...
Added: April 4, 2025
Strizhak U., Урало-алтайские исследования 2024 № 3(54) С. 84–107
This article deals with Japanese resultatives in terms of the degree of prototypical agentive characteristics expressed by their participants. The research material was Japanese lexical verb pairs with regular semantic correspondence, in which an intransitive verb is opposed by a transitive verb. Such semantic pairing makes it possible to compare aspectual verb constructions with different ...
Added: January 31, 2025
Урманчиева А. Ю., Plungian V., Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований 2021 № 1(31) С. 94–131
Данная работа открывает серию статей, в которых проводится сопоставительное изучение употребления пассивных форм в диалектах мансийского языка. В мансийском языке (обско-угорские угорские уральские) выделяется несколько диалектных групп: северная (по рекам Сосьва, Ляпин и по верхнему течению р. Лозьва), южная (по р. Тавда), восточная (по р. Конда) и западная (по рекам Пелым и Вагиль и по ...
Added: November 9, 2023
Stenin I., Вопросы языкознания 2023 № 4 С. 21–46
The article deals with the verbs formed with the unproductive marker -ra / -rye in Tundra Nenets. Such verbs are intransitive, perfective, and are inflected, as a rule, in the forms of the reflexive conjugation. Morphosyntactically, the function of this marker in combination with transitive verbs can be considered passive. The addition of the marker is also possible for ...
Added: January 9, 2023
Pacchiarotti S., Kulikov L., Linguistics 2022 Vol. 60 No. 2 P. 617–657
In this article, we first show that the Bribri (Chibchan) middle voice suffix -r derives passive voice from active transitive and agentive intransitive verbs, as well as anticausative verbs from nominal and adjectival roots. Second, we focus on five media tantum verbs, i.e., forms that synchronically carry the -r suffix and have no counterpart without -r. Unlike ...
Added: November 23, 2022
Kalinin M., Loesov S., Journal of Semitic Studies 2022 Vol. 67 No. 2 P. 471–516
In Proto-Aramaic, the passive of transitive verbs belonging to all three principal stems—G, D and C—was formed internally. Some verbs of the G- and D-stems also possessed detransitive derivatives. Transitive verbs of the G-, D- and C-stems lost their internal passives early on, and the passives of G- and D-verbs were encoded by their respective ...
Added: October 15, 2022
Durymanova A., Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Серия: История, филология 2022 Т. 21 № 4 С. 114–127
The paper deals with some features of Late Classical Chinese based on material from «Lunheng» (1st century AD), specifically, the process of 被 bèi grammaticalization and its possibility to be a distinctive context for noun lexemes. In modern Chinese, 被 bèi is a passive marker in sentences such as O 被 bèi SV. There is ...
Added: August 18, 2022
Luraghi S., Inglese G., Kölligan D., Folia Linguistica 2021 Vol. 42 No. 2 P. 339–391
The IE languages developed different strategies for the encoding of the passive function. In some language branches, the middle voice extended to the passive function to varying extents. In addition, dedicated derivational formations arose in a number of languages, such as the Greek -ē-/-thē- aorist and the Indo-Aryan -ya-presents. Periphrastic formations involving a verbal adjective ...
Added: November 4, 2021
Muraviev N., Сибирский филологический журнал 2022 № 2 С. 201–219
This study examines the passive construction with intransitive motion verbs in Kazym dialect of Khanty based on a survey of the speakers from Kazym village, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia (2019-2020). The aim of the study is to describe the mechanism of motion passivization and to explain the underlying properties of the motion event and its ...
Added: June 19, 2021
Ermolova M., Russian Linguistics 2021 Т. 45 № 2 С. 123–142
The paper analyzes the functioning of the short past passive participles in the predicative position in West Russian Chronicles. The main focus is on the participles which are used without an auxiliary in the past tense and denote the past action. For an adequate analysis of these forms, it is necessary to use the material ...
Added: May 14, 2021
Maria Molina, , in: Comparison and Gradation in Indo-European.: Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2021. Ch. 2 P. 35–48.
Hittite and Luwian express degrees of comparison with a rather limited range of structures. For the most part, Hittite uses syntactic and pragmatic means to express comparatives and superlatives — indeed, there are no dedicated suffixal markers for expressing comparison that might correspond to Greek -ιων, -ιστος, -τερος, -τατος, Latin -ior, -issimus, or English -er, -(e)st. The ...
Added: February 14, 2021
Zakirova A., Muraviev N., Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований 2021 № 2(32) С. 23–38
The article provides an account of two participial passive constructions employing the -mə̑- participle in Hill Mari. The data was collected in 2017 and 2019 in the villages of Kuznetsovo and Mikryakovo of the Gornomarijskij district, Republic of Mari El. The two constructions with the -mə̑- participle differ in the first place in how the patient is marked: ...
Added: October 20, 2020
Dom S., Kulikov L., Bostoen K., Lingua Posnaniensis 2016 Vol. 58 No. 2 P. 129–149
The main goal of our paper is to give a first, general description of middle voice in Bantu. As will be shown, this language group has a set of verbal derivational morphemes that challenges some of the concepts related to the middle domain. First of all, as of yet no description has been found of a language ...
Added: October 17, 2020
Kulikov L., Amsterdam: Rodopi Publishers, 2012.
This book is the first comprehensive study of the Vedic present formations with the suffix ‑ya‑ (‘‑ya-presents’ for short), including both present passives with the accented suffix ‑yá‑ and non-passive -ya-presents with the accent on the root (class IV in the Indian tradition). It offers a complete survey of all ‑ya-presents attested in the Vedic ...
Added: October 15, 2020
Maria Molina, AULA ORIENTALIS 2019 Vol. 37 No. 2 P. 275–292
The paper presents one of the possible methods to determine poetic line boundaries in Hittite poetic texts. The method has been developed on the material of “Song of Ullikummi” (Kumarbi cycle). Poetic lines in Hittite texts might have or have not coincided with cuneiform line boundaries — we have no graphic data on this score. ...
Added: October 7, 2020
Молина М. А., Известия Смоленского государственного университета 2020 № 1(49) С. 60–73
Статья посвящена анализу сравнительных конструкций в тексте хеттского эпоса «Песнь об Улликумми». В статье подробно рассматриваются примеры, включающие сравнение с семантикой симилятива («X как Y»), делается анализ контекста, позволяющий диагностировать сравнительный оборот в отсутствие специфических маркеров, в том числе в бессоюзных конструкциях (с соположением винительных падежей), рассматривается порядок слов в таких предложениях. Показано, что сравнение ...
Added: October 6, 2020
Молина М. А., Вопросы языкового родства 2018 Т. 16 № 4 С. 304–320
In this paper, I cover the problem of the topic and focus revealing in the sentences of Hittite and Ancient Greek, two of the earliest Indo-European languages attested in writing. Information structure revealing gives us clues not only to the placement of accent (which is highly relevant for Hittite phonology) but also to the reconstruction ...
Added: October 6, 2020
Maria Molina, Journal of Language Relationship 2019 Vol. 17 No. 3-4 P. 297–309
In this paper I analyze degrees of gradation in Hittite, looking at equative, similative, comparative, superlative, elative and excessive semantics in Hittite myths, prayers, letters and instructions, in comparison with Luwian data. The results may work towards a better understanding of degree formation in Indo-European languages, with implications for possible reconstructions of Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Indo-European. ...
Added: October 6, 2020
Григорьева Н. А., Zevakhina N., Kuvshinskaya Y. M., В кн.: Фортунатовские чтения в Карелии. Сборник докладов Международной научной конференции (10-12 сентября 2018 года, Петрозаводск)Ч. 1.: Петрозаводск: Издательство ПетрГУ, 2018. С. 72–74.
The paper discusses main non-standard strategies of sya-verbs found in the learner corpus of Russian student texts (CoRST). Such strategies are as follows: decausative and reflexive instead of passive; variation of active and passive participial suffixes; blurring the strict definition of transitivity; metonymy of active verbal forms as a calque from English academic texts. ...
Added: December 29, 2019
Белькинд А. Ю., В кн.: Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология - XXI : материалы чтений, посвященных памяти проф. Иосифа Моисеевича Тронского, 26-28 июня 2017 г.: СПб.: Наука, 2017. С. 63–73.
The polyfunctionality of German werden causes constant interest in its behaviour in synchronic and diachronic studies. Within the framework of the functional theories of grammar, the lexical sources lying in the basis of grammatical constructions and grams affect their semantics. The analytical grams of passive and future in German are built using an auxiliary verb werden. However, both forms are ...
Added: March 12, 2019