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Chapter 12. The perfect in Avar and Andi: Cross-linguistic variation among two closely-related East Caucasian languages
P. 261–280.
Verhees S.
This chapter deals with perfect forms of the verb in Avar and Andi, two East Caucasian languages. The presence of an ergative agent is shown to be an important parameter in distinguishing resultative constructions from resultative perfects in these languages. This distinction is relevant to determine whether current relevance meanings of the perfect are at all represented in these languages, alongside resultative proper and evidential usages. Based on elicitation as well as corpus data, this study shows that the Avar perfect represents a highly polysemic verb form that combines resultative proper, current relevance and indirect evidentiality, while its Andi counterpart shows a more advanced stage of grammaticalization of the indirect evidential meaning.
In book
Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018.
Muravleva N., Славянский мир в третьем тысячелетии 2025 Т. 20 № 3-4 С. 144–172
The article examines the features of the past tense system in Macedonian resettlement dialects of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia, based on a corpus of texts collected during a 2023 linguistic expedition to the villages of Jabuka, Kačarevo, Glogonj, Plandište, and Belgrade. The first section provides a sociolinguistic overview of the formation of the ...
Added: February 18, 2026
Poliakova E., Вопросы языкознания 2024 № 4 С. 77–95
One of the common features of the Nakh-Daghestanian languages is the evidential opposition
between some of the past tense verb forms, which mark (in)direct access to the information. Khwarshi has two synthetic past forms that are traditionally considered to form this kind of opposition, but,
according to our data, it may in fact not be based on ...
Added: November 13, 2025
Filatov K., Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований 2025 № 4(50) С. 75–86
The article is dedicated to the typology of temporal mobility, that is the ability of verbal forms to have temporal opposition. Based on several Andic languages (< Avar-Andic-Tsezic < Nakh-Dagestanian), two formal subtypes of temporal mobility are introduced. The first subtype, — symmetric mobility, assumes that the basic and the past forms are equally marked, ...
Added: August 21, 2025
Volkov O., Известия РАН. Серия литературы и языка 2023 Т. 82 № 4 С. 82–90
In the present paper I make several observations on the semantics of Russian particle uzhe and alike. I suggest that contrastivity effect is central to its semantics. Crosslinguistically, such particles tend to develop into perfect markers in the course of grammaticalization process. I argue that it is exactly the presence of contrastive meaning in the ...
Added: February 13, 2025
Filatov K., Вопросы языкознания 2024 № 6 С. 32–57
Despite the fact that Andic languages (Avar-Andic < East-Caucasian) are widely recognised as agglutinating, their verbal systems barely demonstrate any agglutinating properties. The most important characteristic of these systems is the incomplete orthogonality of grammatical categories, and the related property of semantic non-additivity or morphological idiomaticity. In terms of morphotactic structure, different Andic systems can ...
Added: October 15, 2024
Maisak T., Verhees S., Folia Linguistica 2024 Vol. 58 No. s45-s1 P. 185–220
Andi (East Caucasian) features a verb form that marks an event that is (still) not happening, contrary to the speaker’s expectation (i.e. ‘Still Not’ Present). This form is unusual for several reasons. First, forms of this kind are not typical for the language family. Second, while it conveys negative semantics, the form does not contain ...
Added: September 3, 2024
Melenchenko M., Вопросы языкознания 2023 № 6 С. 120–137
This paper describes the semantics of one of the verb forms in Shughni, traditionally called Perfect. This form displays many areally-motivated typological similarities with perfects in other languages of Western and Central Asia. In particular, Shughni has developed an evidential opposition between the Preterite and the Perfect, in which the Perfect is used for non-witnessed ...
Added: December 27, 2023
Melenchenko M., В кн.: Двадцатая конференция по типологии и грамматике для молодых исследователей. Тезисы докладов.: СПб.: ИЛИ РАН, 2023. С. 125–128.
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Added: November 30, 2023
Plungian V., Journal of Pragmatics 2001 Vol. 33 No. 3 P. 349–357
The paper discusses the cross-linguistic classification of evidential values (including the so-called admirative value) and proposes a typology of evidential systems based on the distinction between ‘direct’, ‘reflected’, and ‘mediated’ evidence. ...
Added: November 12, 2023
Plungian V., Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. Труды института лингвистических исследований 2016 Т. 12 № 2 С. 7–36
Статья открывает сборник статей, посвященный типологии глагольной граммемы перфекта в языках мира. Отмечается, что можно выделить три круга проблем, связанных с типологическим описанием перфекта. Первая и самая очевидная сложность – это определение семантики соответствующих глагольных показателей. Сущности, отождествляемые как перфект, демонстрируют высокую степень полисемии, контексты их употреблений в разных языках, как правило, не совпадают, иногда ...
Added: November 11, 2023
Plungian V., Урманчиева А. Ю., Slovĕne 2017 Т. 6 № 2 С. 13–56
Перфект, как известно, является одной из самых загадочных форм старославянского языка, семантика которой упорно не поддается описанию. Старославянские тексты представляют собой переводы (прежде всего — с греческого), и в них в значительной степени наблюдается калькирование как в сфере лексики, так и в сфере грамматических форм и конструкций. Но именно перфект нарушает эту картину: соответствия перфектных ...
Added: November 11, 2023
Plungian V., Урманчиева А. Ю., Slavisticna Revija 2018 Т. 66 № 4 С. 421–440
В работе предпринята попытка приблизиться к пониманию семантики старославянского перфекта — аналитической глагольной формы, состоящей из l-причастия смыслового глагола и вспомогательного глагола byti в презенсе. Выделены типичные контексты употребления данной формы; основной задачей исследования является оценка получившегося «семантического портрета» старославянского перфекта с точки зрения типологических ожиданий, сформировавшихся в отношении перфектных форм в языках мира. Показано, ...
Added: November 11, 2023
Alexandra Milostivaya, Research in Language 2021 Vol. 19 No. 4 P. 369–388
The article is dedicated to studying communicative and pragmatic evidential constructions in newspaper political narrative. Based on the assumption that a communicative subject is represented as chain cooperation (“orderer” – editor – journalist – source – journalist), markers of evidentiality are matched with reference to the information about the events described on behalf of the ...
Added: September 2, 2023
Ermolova M., Slovĕne 2022 Т. 11 № 1 С. 245–280
The article analyzes the hypothesis about the participial functioning of the l-form in the history of the Russian language in the light of Russian dialectal data and the material of the other Slavic languages. Many facts that confirm this hypothesis are found both in Russian dialects and Slavic languages. The first part of the paper ...
Added: January 27, 2023
Konstantin V. Filatov, / NRU HSE. Series WP BRP "Linguistics". 2022. No. 109.
The paper provides a description of the indicative inflectional system of the synthetic (nonperyphrastic) forms in the heavily underdescribed Anchiq dialect of Karata (< Andic < AvaroAndic-Tsezic < Nakh-Daghestanian). The aim of the paper is to describe the inventory of tense and aspect markers and to identify all the distinctive inflectional features from the point ...
Added: November 18, 2022
Koile E., Chechuro I., Moroz G. et al., Plos One 2022 Vol. 17 No. 5 Article 0265460
We study the correlation between phylogenetic and geographic distances for the languages of the Andic branch of the East Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian) language family. For several alternative phylogenies, we find that geographic distances correlate with linguistic divergence. Notably, qualitative classifications show a better fit with geography than cognacy-based phylogenies. We interpret this result as follows: The ...
Added: May 28, 2022
Verhees S., Languages of the Caucasus 2021 Vol. 5 P. 1–68
Languages spoken in contiguous areas tend to have similar systems of evidentiality marking. The Caucasus is part of a large area where systems centered on marking events as not witnessed by the speaker are widespread among genealogically unrelated languages. It is often suggested that Turkic languages could be the source of diffusion in this case, ...
Added: January 18, 2022
Fridman I., В кн.: Исследования по теории грамматики. (Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. Труды Института лингвистических исследований РАН. Т. XII. Ч. 2.)Вып. 7: Типология перфекта.: СПб.: Наука, 2016. С. 637–708.
The paper is devoted to synchronic and diachronic description of
the semantics and pragmatic connotations of the usage of the Perfect in
the literary Amharic language. The morphological structure of the Amharic
Perfect and its peculiarities in Old Amharic texts are described. The
author formulates restrictions imposed upon the use of the Perfect by
systemic factors, or contexts in which ...
Added: September 25, 2021
Daniel M., Chechuro I., Verhees S. et al., Language 2021 Vol. 97 No. 3 P. 520–560
This paper looks at the correlation between the use of an L2 in a speech community and the amount of lexical material borrowed from it into the L1 of this speech community. Our data comes from the traditional highlands of Daghestan, an area of high language density. As in Epps (2017), to measure and compare ...
Added: September 6, 2021
Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 2020.
Contains descriptions of the perfect in Indo-European languages. ...
Added: July 5, 2021
Nikolaeva J., Budennaya E., Evdokimova A., , in: Linguistic Forum 2020: Language and Artificial Intelligence. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2852Vol. 2852: Proceedings of the Linguistic Forum 2020: Language and Artificial Intelligence (LFLAI 2020), Moscow, Russia, November 12-14, 2020.: CEUR-WS.org, 2020. Ch. 7 P. 1–17.
The paper explores head and hand movements as markers of direct and indirect evidentiality, along with some lexemes in Russian. While there are numerous examples of evidential markers in speech, especially in languages where the category is grammaticalized, much less is known about non-verbal evidential markers. We claim that although there are no systemic rules ...
Added: May 21, 2021