The materials of The International Scientific – Practical Conference is presented below.

The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.

It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

These notes have appeared as a result of a one-term course in superfluidity and superconductivity given by the author to fourth-year undergraduate students and first-year graduate students of the Department of Physics, Moscow State University of Education. The goal was not to give a detailed picture of these two macroscopic quantum phenomena with an extensive coverage of the experimental background and all the modern developments, but rather to show how the knowledge of undergraduate quantum mechanics and statistical physics could be used to discuss the basic concepts and simple problems, and draw parallels between superconductivity and superfluidity.

Superconductivity and superfluidity are two phenomena where quantum mechanics, typically constrained to the microscopic realm, shows itself on the macroscopic level. Conceptually and mathematically, these phenomena are related very closely, and some results obtained for one can, with a few modifications, be immediately carried over to the other. However, the student of these notes should be aware of important differences between superconductivity and superfluidity that stem mainly from two facts: (1) electrons in a superconductor carry a charge, therefore one has to take into account interaction with electromagnetic radiation; (2) electrons move in a lattice, therefore phonons play a role not only a mediators of attractive interaction between pairs of electrons, but also as scatterers of charge carriers.

Although these are notes on superfluidity and superconductivity, and there are a few cross-references, the two subjects can be studied independently with, perhaps, a little extra work by the student to fill in the gaps resulting from such study. The material of Chapter 1 introduces the method of second quantisation that is commonly used to discuss systems with many interacting particles. It is then applied in Chaper 2 to treat the uniform weakly interacting Bose gas within the approach by N. Bogoliubov, and in Chapter 4 to formulate the theory of the uniform superconducting state put forth by J. Bardeen, L. Cooper and R. Schrieffer. Chapter 3 presents the theory proposed independently by E. Gross and L. Pitaevskii of a non-uniform weakly interacting Bose gas, with a discussion of vortices, rotation of the condensate, and the Bogoliubov equations. In Chapter 5 we discuss the Ginzburd-Landau theory of a non-uniform superconductor near the critical temperature and apply it to a few simple problems such as the surface energy of the boundary between a normal metal and a superconductor, critical current and critical magnetic field, and vortices.

In this paper we present the studies of an ultrametric mathematical model for protein operation and give them physical interpretations that extend the conventional view of ensymatic activity regulation. The model is based on a representation of a multidimentional rugged energy landscapes by a hierarchy of nested basins of local minima and an approximation of protein dynamics with an ultrametric random walk. In contrast to an ordinary random walk, the ultrametric random walk is more suitable for describing of multiscale conformational dynamics and it is consistent with the kinetic features of ligand binding. Using our ultrametric model we show different ways to regulate enzymatic activity.

Superconducting properties of metallic nanowires can be entirely different from those of bulk superconductors because of the dominating role played by thermal and quantum fluctuations of the order parameter. For superconducting channels with diameters below ∼ 50 nm fluctuations of the phase of the complex order parameter - the phase slippage  -  lead to non-zero resistance below the critical temperature.  Fluctuations of the modulus of the complex order parameter broaden the gap edge of the quasiparticle energy spectrum and modify the density of states. In extreme case of very narrow channels imbedded in high-impedance environment  (which fix the charge and, hence, enable strong fluctuations of the quantum-conjugated variable, the phase) the superconductor can be driven to insulating state  – the Coulomb blockade. We review recent experimental activities in the field demonstrating rather unusual phenomena.

The materials of The International Scientific – Practical Conference is presented below. The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.

It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

The textbook is meant for students continuing to study English (levels B1-B2 according to the European Framework) and majoring in science. The exercises and tasks are aimed at developing speaking, writing and reading skills on the basis of authentic texts on the achievements of scientists rewarded the Nobel Prize in the years 2000-2014

Adequate assessment of individual functional motor potentials is important for developing appropriate rehabilitation strategies in ischemic stroke [1]. Microstructural changes in corticospinal tract (CST) and corpus callosum (CC) were repeatedly correlated to post-stroke outcome [2, 3]. However, relationship between them and functional recovery remains unclear. Here we investigated relationship between integrity of CST and CC assessed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and brain functional state assessed with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) in chronic ischemic supratentorial stroke.

In this volume we have collected papers based on the presentations given at the International Conference on Computer Simulations in Physics and beyond (CSP2015), held in Moscow, September 6-10, 2015. We hope that this volume will be helpful and scientifically interesting for readers.

The Conference was organized for the first time with the common efforts of the Moscow Institute for Electronics and Mathematics (MIEM) of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, and the Science Center in Chernogolovka. The name of the Conference emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of computational physics. Its methods are applied to the broad range of current research in science and society. The choice of venue was motivated by the multidisciplinary character of the MIEM. It is a former independent university, which has recently become the part of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

The development of terahertz imaging instruments for security systems is on the cutting edge of terahertz technology. We are developing a THz imaging system based on a superconducting integrated receiver (SIR). An SIR is a new type of heterodyne receiver based on an SIS mixer integrated with a flux-flow oscillator (FFO) and a harmonic mixer which is used for phase-locking the FFO. Employing an SIR in an imaging system means building an entirely new instrument with many advantages compared to traditional systems. In this project we propose a prototype THz imaging system using an 1 pixel SIR and 2D scanner. At a local oscillator frequency of 500 GHz the best noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of the SIR is 10 mK at an integration time of 1 s and a detection bandwidth of 4 GHz. The scanner consists of two rotating flat mirrors placed in front of the antenna consisting of a spherical primary reflector and an aspherical secondary reflector. The diameter of the primary reflector is 0.3 m. The operating frequency of the imaging system is 600 GHz, the frame rate is 0.1 FPS, the scanning area is 0.5 × 0.5 m2, the image resolution is 50 × 50 pixels, the distance from an object to the scanner was 3 m. We have obtained THz images with a spatial resolution of 8 mm and a NETD of less than 2 K.

IVEC was originally created in 2000 by merging the U.S. Power Tubes Conferences and the European Space Agency TWTA Workshops. Now a fully international conference, IVEC is held every other year in the U.S., and in Europe and Asia alternately every fourth year. After the successful and enjoyable meeting in Paris, France in May, IVEC 2014 will return to its beautiful U.S. location in the city of Monterey.

These proceedings have been written in an attempt to communicate the major purpose of the NATO Advanced ResearchWorkshop (ARW), 2013, that is, to bring to light the possibilities of performance, based on the actual level, of the everpromising THz (terahertz) technology, a kind of Araba Fenice, not yet known tomost technical operators, especially its appeal in security applications. To achieve this, the ARWhas invited highly experienced scientists with expertise in THz science and technology and its application areas. We begin with the consideration that the risk of mass murder due to terroristic attacks is on the rise, thus posing a threat for security in the civil and military world. To counter this problem, we look at one of the most appealing, newly emerging, technologies that is based on the THz detection of explosives and other forms of threats. However, operational difficulties (both for THz sensors and sources), especially regarding size, complexity of use, overall cost, and the need of very low temperatures for sensors, strongly limit the application of this technology. To find solutions to these and related issues, we invited expert scientists to present review papers on the most advanced sensors and sources based on THz technology, especially for security system applications. The ARW has been conferred the major task of describing the most advanced technologies, in terms of identifying their operational strengths and weaknesses, forecasting the best technological solutions to overcome the actual operational limits, and suggesting to the NATO SPS (Science for Peace and Security) Division the most reliable ways to proceed for future developments. To achieve a broad evaluation of the above aspects, a questionnaire on various key points with regard to the actual performance and possible future developments in the field of THz science, technology, and applications has been discussed.

Overview This book concisely presents the latest trends in the physics of superconductivity and superfluidity and magnetismin novel systems, as well as the problem of BCS-BEC crossover in ultracold quantum gases and high-Tc superconductors. It further illuminates the intensive exchange of ideas between these closely related fields of condensed matter physics over the last 30 years of their dynamic development. The content is based on the author’s original findings obtained at the Kapitza Institute, as well as advanced lecture courses he held at the Moscow Engineering Physical Institute, Amsterdam University, Loughborough University and LPTMS Orsay between 1994 and 2011. In addition to the findings of his group, the author discusses the most recent concepts in these fields, obtained both in Russia and in the West. The book consists of 16 chapters which are divided into four parts. The first part describes recent developments in superfluid hydrodynamics of quantum fluids and solids, including the fashionable subject of possible supersolidity in quantum crystals of 4He, while the second describes BCS-BEC crossover in quantum Fermi-Bose gases and mixtures, as well as in the underdoped states of cuprates. The third part is devoted to non-phonon mechanisms of superconductivity in unconventional (anomalous) superconductors, including some important aspects of the theory of high-Tc superconductivity. |The last part considers the anomalous normal state of novel superconductive materials and materials with colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). The book offers a valuable guide for senior-level undergraduate students and graduate students, postdoctoral and other researchers specializing in solid-state and low-temperature physics.

IVEC 2013 is intended to be a forum of information and discussion between the various players in the field of vacuum electronics: device users, manufacturers and operators, government/institutions, academics, and students. Submissions from all groups are encouraged. IVEC 2013 will provide the right place for the exchange of scientific and technical information and will foster collaboration and cooperation in the vacuum electronics domain both at European and worldwide level.

Imaging Spectroscopy for TLE Observation From Space

TLE effects on the electrodynamics of the middle atmosphere

We present a simple model of the bimolecular charge carrier recombination in polar amorphous organic semiconductors in which the dominant part of the energetic disorder is provided by permanent dipoles and show that the recombination rate constant could be much smaller than the corresponding Langevin rate constant. The reason for the strong decrease of the rate constant is the long-range spatial correlation of the random energy landscape in amorphous dipolar materials; without spatial correlation, even strong disorder does not modify the Langevin rate constant. Our study shows that the signi fi cant suppression of the bimolecular recombination could take place in homogeneous amorphous organic semiconductors and does not need large-scale inhomogeneity of the material.

We discuss the relation between the cluster integrable systems and q-difference Painlevé equations. The Newton polygons corresponding to these integrable systems are all 16 convex polygons with a single interior point. The Painlevé dynamics is interpreted as deautonomization of the discrete flows, generated by a sequence of the cluster quiver mutations, supplemented by permutations of quiver vertices.

We also define quantum q-Painlevé systems by quantization of the corresponding cluster variety. We present formal solution of these equations for the case of pure gauge theory using q-deformed conformal blocks or 5-dimensional Nekrasov functions. We propose, that quantum cluster structure of the Painlevé system provides generalization of the isomonodromy/CFT correspondence for arbitrary central charge.

This study proposes to minimize Rényi and Tsallis entropies for finding the optimal number of topics T in topic modeling (TM). A promising tool to obtain knowledge about large text collections, TM is a method whose properties are underresearched; in particular, parameter optimization in such models has been hindered by the use of monotonous quality functions with no clear thresholds. In this research, topic models obtained from large text collections are viewed as nonequilibrium complex systems where the number of topics is regarded as an equivalent of temperature. This allows calculating free energy of such systems—a value through which both Rényi and Tsallis entropies are easily expressed. Numerical experiments with four TM algorithms and two text collections show that both entropies as functions of the number of topics yield clear minima in the middle area of the range of T. On the marked-up dataset the minima of three algorithms correspond to the value of T detected by humans. It is concluded that Tsallis and especially Rényi entropy can be used for T optimization instead of Shannon entropy that decreases even when T becomes obviously excessive. Additionally, some algorithms are found to be better suited for revealing local entropy minima. Finally, we test whether the overall content of all topics taken together is resistant to the change of T and find out that this dependence has a quasi-periodic structure which demands further research.

A search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decay Λ c+→ p μ+ μ− is reported using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb− 1 collected by the LHCb Collaboration. No significant signal is observed outside of the dimuon mass regions around the ϕ and ω resonances, and an upper limit is placed on the branching fraction of B (Λ c+→ p μ+ μ−)< 7.7 (9.6)× 10− 8 at 90%(95%) confidence level. A significant signal is observed in the ω dimuon mass region for the first time.

Single-point mutations in the transmembrane (TM) region of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) can lead to abnormal ligand-independent activation. We use a combination of computational modeling, NMR spectroscopy and cell experiments to analyze in detail the mechanism of how TM domains contribute to the activation of wild-type (WT) PDGFRA and its oncogenic V536E mutant. Using a computational framework, we scan all positions in PDGFRA TM helix for identification of potential functional mutations for the WT and the mutant and reveal the relationship between the receptor activity and TM dimerization via different interfaces. This strategy also allows us design a novel activating mutation in the WT (I537D) and a compensatory mutation in the V536E background eliminating its constitutive activity (S541G). We show both computationally and experimentally that single-point mutations in the TM region reshape the TM dimer ensemble and delineate the structural and dynamic determinants of spontaneous activation of PDGFRA via its TM domain. Our atomistic picture of the coupling between TM dimerization and PDGFRA activation corroborates the data obtained for other RTKs and provides a foundation for developing novel modulators of the pathological activity of PDGFRA.

In this note we propose that recently discovered radio pulsar J0250+5854 with 23.5 sec spin period is presently at the Hall attractor stage. This can explain low temperature and absence of magnetar-like activity of this source together with its spin period and period derivative. We present results of calculations of the evolution of this source in a simple model of magnetic field decay. The neutron star could start its evolution as a magnetar with initial field ∼1014−1015 G for realistic range of parameter Q describing crust imperfections. Future measurements of surface temperature and age of this neutron star might help to probe this hypothesis.

We develop a theory of modulation response of the coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance. We consider the simplest three-level atom, but take into account the polychromatic spectrum of the pumping and probing light produced by pure FM modulation of single frequency field. The analysis based on the density matrix equations rigorously includes the most important for applications range of modulation parameters where modulation frequency and deviation are comparable with or greater than the CPT linewidth, so the response of the atomic medium is not adiabatic. Some theoretical results, in particular the possibility of using a quadrature response to modulation to suppress light shift, are compared with the experiment carried out with a diode laser (VCSEL) and 87Rb atoms.

In work researches of structural features of mineral crystal phases and deficiency of crystals of an organosilikonate of bismuth are conducted at various temperature of its processing (from 100 to 5000C). According to x-ray diffraction ranges in СuКα - radiation the periods of a crystal lattice of a crystal are estimated, the analysis of broadening of the most intensive diffraction line for this crystal taking into account crystallographic indexes h, k, l by an approximation method for determination of the size of areas of coherent dispersion and microdistortions of a crystal lattice Δа/а is made. On the basis of the conducted researches it is revealed that at heat treatment of the Na2O-Vi2O3-SiO2 system (NBS material) in a temperature interval 300-5000C there was a decrease in amorphy, microdistortions and density of dislocations of defects in a crystal lattice of a sillenit of structure of Bi12SiO20. Formation of more dense structure of a crystal of a sillenit with the increased x-ray density (9,210 g/cm3) and increase in parameters of a cubic lattice of a crystal is recorded (and =10,1335 Å). The developed material of structure Bi12SiO20 can be used as a gamma and protective filler of radiation protective polymers, and also for creation of electro-and magneto-optical modulators of laser radiation.

A nonlinear Schrцdinger equation (NSE) describing packets of weakly nonlinear waves in an inhomogeneously

vortical infinitely deep fluid has been derived. The vorticity is assumed to be an arbitrary function

of Lagrangian coordinates and quadratic in the small parameter proportional to the wave steepness. It is

shown that the modulational instability criteria for the weakly vortical waves and potential Stokes waves on

deep water coincide. The effect of vorticity manifests itself in a shift of the wavenumber of high-frequency filling.

A special case of Gerstner waves with a zero coefficient at the nonlinear term in the NSE is noted.

We consider a quasi-one-dimensional model of a two-component Fermi gas at zero temperature on one, two and three-leg attractive-U Hubbard ladders. We construct the grand canonical phase diagram of a two-component spin-polarized gas. We find that the structure of the phase diagram of the attractive-U Hubbard model for two and three leg ladders significantly differs q from the structure of the phase diagram of a single chain. We argue that the single chain model is a special case, and that multichain ladders display qualitative features of the 1D-to-3D crossover, observed in experiments with trapped ultracold gases.

We review recent advances in the analysis of the Wang--Landau algorithm, which is designed for the direct Monte Carlo estimation of the density of states (DOS). In the case of a discrete energy spectrum, we present an approach based on introducing the transition matrix in the energy space (TMES). The TMES fully describes a random walk in the energy space biased with the Wang-Landau probability. Properties of the TMES can explain some features of the Wang-Landau algorithm, for example, the flatness of the histogram. We show that the Wang--Landau probability with the true DOS generates a Markov process in the energy space and the inverse spectral gap of the TMES can estimate the mixing time of this Markov process. We argue that an efficient implementation of the Wang-Landau algorithm consists of two simulation stages: the original Wang-Landau procedure for the first stage and a 1/t modification for the second stage. The mixing time determines the characteristic time for convergence to the true DOS in the second simulation stage. The parameter of the convergence of the estimated DOS to the true DOS is the difference of the largest TMES eigenvalue from unity. The characteristic time of the first stage is the tunneling time, i.e., the time needed for the system to visit all energy levels.

We propose a superconducting spin-triplet valve of a new type. This spin valve consists of a bilayer that involves a superconductor and an itinerant magnetic material, with the magnet showing an intrinsic non-collinear magnetic order characterized by a wave vector Q that may be aligned in a few equivalent preferred directions under control of a weak external magnetic field. Re-orienting the direction of Q allows one to controllably modify long-range spin-triplet superconducting correlations in the magnetic material, leading to spin-valve switching behavior. This new type of superconducting spin valve may be used as a magnetic memory element for cryogenic nanoelectronics. It has the following advantages in comparison with superconducting spin valves proposed earlier: (i) it contains only one magnetic layer, which may be more easily fabricated and controlled; (ii) its ground states are separated by a potential barrier, which solves the “half-select” problem of the addressed switch of such memory elements.

We study the effect of the Fermi surface anisotropy on the odd-frequency spin-triplet pairing component of the induced pair potential. We consider a superconductor/ ferromagnetic insulator (S/FI) hybrid structure formed on the 3D topological insulator (TI) surface. In this case three ingredients insure the possibility of the odd-frequency pairing: 1) the topological surface states, 2) the induced pair potential, and 3) the magnetic moment of a nearby ferromagnetic insulator. We take into account the strong anisotropy of the Dirac cone in topological insulators when the chemical potential lies well above the Dirac cone and its constant energy contour has a snowflake shape. Within this model, we propose that the S/FI boundary should be properly aligned with respect to the snowflake constant energy contour to have an odd-frequency symmetry of the corresponding pairing component and to insure the Majorana bound state at the S/FI boundary. For arbitrary orientation of the boundary the Majorana bound state is absent. This provides a selection rule to the realization of Majorana modes in S/FI hybrid structures, formed on the topological insulator surface.

In recent paper of Falkovich and Levitov it was shown, that geometry of separatrixes for viscous electronic flow in graphene is sensitive to boundary conditions. Here we discover theis relation in details. Also we propose, how boundary conditions could be probed experimentally, using weak magnetic field and observed features of separatrixes.

We study Josephson junctions with weak links consisting of two parallel disordered arms with magnetic properties -- ferromagnetic, half-metallic or normal with magnetic impurities. In the case of long links, the Josephson effect is dominated by mesoscopic fluctuations. In this regime, the system realises a $\varphi_0$ junction with sample-dependent $\varphi_0$ and critical current. Cooper pair splitting between the two arms plays a major role and leads to $2\Phi_0$ periodicity of the current as a function of flux between the arms. We calculate the current and its flux and polarization dependence for the three types of magnetic links.

The topic of superconductivity in strongly disordered materials has attracted a significant attention. In particular vivid debates are related to the subject of intrinsic spatial inhomogeneity responsible for non-BCS relation between the superconducting gap and the pairing potential. Here we report experimental study of electron transport properties of narrow NbN nanowires with effective cross sections of the order of the debated inhomogeneity scales. We find that conventional models based on phase slip concept provide reasonable fits for the shape of the R(T) transition curve. Temperature dependence of the critical current follows the text-book Ginzburg-Landau prediction for quasi-one-dimensional superconducting channel Ic~(1-T/Tc)3/2. Hence, one may conclude that the intrinsic electronic inhomogeneity either does not exist in our structures, or, if exist, does not affect their resistive state properties.

Dynamics of solitons is considered in an extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation, including a pseudo-stimulated-Raman-scattering (pseudo-SRS) term (scattering on damping low-frequency waves, third-order dispersion (TOD) and inhomogeneity of the spatial second-order dispersion (SOD). It is shown that wave-number downshift by the pseudo-SRS may be compensated by upshift provided by spatially increasing SOD with taking into account TOD. The equilibrium state is stable for positive parameter of TOD and unstable for negative one. The analytical solutions are verified by comparison with numerical results

The neutrino dispersion in the magnetized medium was analyzed as a function of the neutrino spin and mass. It was shown that in a super-strong magnetic field plasma contribution to the neutrino energy greatly exceeds the analogous correction in the field-free case.

We investigate the eigenvalue density in ensembles of large sparse Bernoulli random matrices. Analyzing in detail the spectral density of ensembles of linear subgraphs, we discuss its ultrametric nature and show that near the spectrum boundary, the tails of the spectral density exhibit a Lifshitz singularity typical for Anderson localization. We pay attention to an intriguing connection of the spectral density to the Dedekind $\eta$-function. We conjecture that ultrametricity emerges in rare-event statistics and is inherit to generic complex sparse systems.

In order to determine the concept of space interpretation in several multiverse hypotheses, this article analyzes a number of them, which arises from some theories of modern physics. The interpretation of space in the history of philosophy and science and their interrelation with modern physical notions are presented. The research is based on the cognitive interpretation method of the contents of formalistic mathematics and physics theories, the method of comparative analysis (analysis of philosophical texts), the hermeneutical method, and the phenomenological method (analysis of representations). The author shows how the context of modern physics multiverse hypotheses contributes to new connotations in the perception of space. The research draws some conclusions about the present status of the philosophical perception of space.

Weyl semimetal is a three-dimensional material with a conical spectrum near an even number of point nodes, where two bands touch each other. Here we study spectral properties of surface electron states in such a system. We show that the density of surface states possesses a logarithmic singularity for the energy to 0. It decreases linearly at the intermediate energy of surface electron states and approaches zero. This universal behavior is a hallmark of the topological order that offers a new wide range of applications.

We describe a class of integrable systems on Poisson submanifolds of the affine Poisson-Lie groups PGLˆ(N), which can be enumerated by cyclically irreducible elements the co-extended affine Weyl groups (Wˆ×Wˆ)♯. Their phase spaces admit cluster coordinates, whereas the integrals of motion are cluster functions. We show, that this class of integrable systems coincides with the constructed by Goncharov and Kenyon out of dimer models on a two-dimensional torus and classified by the Newton polygons. We construct the correspondence between the Weyl group elements and polygons, demonstrating that each particular integrable model admits infinitely many realisations on the Poisson-Lie groups. We also discuss the particular examples, including the relativistic Toda chains and the Schwartz-Ovsienko-Tabachnikov pentagram map.

We consider the Cauchy problem for the 1D generalized Schrödinger equation on the whole axis. To solve it, any order finite element in space and the Crank-Nicolson in time method with the discrete transpa\-rent boundary conditions (TBCs) has recently been constructed. Now we engage the Richardson extrapolation to improve significantly the accuracy in time step. To study its properties, we give results of numerical experiments and enlarged practical error analysis for three typical examples. The resulting method is able to provide high precision results in the uniform norm for reasonable computational costs that is unreachable by more common 2nd order methods in either space or time step. Comparing our results to the previous ones, we obtain much more accurate results using much less amount of both elements and time steps.

The article looks at the possible role of measurement in a quantum-mechanical description of physical reality. The widely spread interpretations of quantum phenomena are considered as indicating an apparent connection between conscious processes (such as observation) and the properties of the microcosm. The reasons for discrepancies between the results of observations of the microcosm and macrocosm and the potential association of consciousness with these reasons are closely investigated. This connection can be interpreted in the sense that the probable requirement for a complete understanding of quantum theory is an adequate description of consciousness within this theory and that the correct theory of consciousness should include a quantum-mechanical theoretical apparatus. The author draws conclusions about the current state of the “measuring” problem and its relationship with consciousness.

In this letter the phenomenon of macroscopic quantization is investigated using the particle on the ring interacting with the dissipative environment as an example. It is shown that the phenomenon of macroscopic quantization has the clear physical origin in that case. It follows from the angular momentum conservation combined with momentum quantization for bare particle on the ring . The existence an observable which can take only integer values in the zero temperature limit is rigorously proved. With the aid of the mapping between particle on the ring and Ambegaokar-Eckern-Schon model, which can be used to describe single-electron devices, it is demonstrated that this observable is analogous to the "effective charge" introduced by Burmistrov and Pruisken for the single-electron box problem. Different consequences of the revealed physics are discussed, as well as a generalization of the obtained results to the case of more complicated systems.

The relaxation of an elastic network, constructed by a contact map of a fractal (crumpled) polymer globule is investigated. We found that: i) the slowest mode of the network is separated from the rest of the spectrum by a wide gap, and ii) the network quickly relaxes to a low–dimensional (one-dimensional, in our demonstration) manifold spanned by slowest degrees of freedom with a large basin of attraction, and then slowly approaches the equilibrium not escaping this manifold. By these dynamic properties, the fractal globule elastic network is similar to real biological molecular machines, like myosin. We have demonstrated that unfolding of a fractal globule can be described as a cascade of equilibrium phase transitions in a hierarchical system. Unfolding manifests itself in a sequential loss of stability of hierarchical levels with the temperature change.