Physics

7th International School and Conference "Saint-Petersburg OPEN 2020" on Optoelectronics, Photonics, Engineering and Nanostructures was held on April 27 - 30, 2020. The Organizer of the conference is the Alferov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education and Science Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Initially, the School and Conference was supposed to be held in full-time format at the Alferov Academic University (Saint-Petersburg, Russia), as it happened in the past. However, due to the restrictions imposed by the city authorities on holding mass events due to the threat of the spread of the COVID-19 infection, the conference committees decided to move the conference to the online format. The conference consisted of poster reports presented by the participants and online oral presentations by invited speakers. Posters and video reports of the participants were posted on the conference website. Invited speakers made their presentations online. During their speeches, participants could discuss and ask questions in the chat. The School and Conference included a series of invited talks given by leading professors with the aim to introduce young scientists with actual problems and major advances in physics and technology.

Proceedings of the SPIE PHOTONICS EUROPE Conference on Biophotonics in Point-of-Care, 6-10 April 2020, Online Only, France. Proc. SPIE volume 11361

The goal of this International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS) chapter is to survey, catalog, and assess the status of technologies in the areas of cryogenic electronics and quantum information processing. Application drivers are identified for sufficiently developed technologies and application needs are mapped as a function of time against projected capabilities to identify challenges requiring research and development effort. Cryogenic electronics (also referred to as low-temperature electronics or cold electronics) is defined by operation at cryogenic temperatures (below −150 °C or 123.15 K) and includes devices and circuits made from a variety of materials including insulators, conductors, semiconductors, superconductors, or topological materials. Existing and emerging applications are driving development of novel cryogenic electronic technologies. Information processing refers to the input, transmission, storage, manipulation or processing, and output of data. Information processing systems to accomplish a specific function, in general, require several different interactive layers of technology. A top-down list of these layers begins with the required application or system function, leading to system architecture, micro- or nano-architecture, circuits, devices, and materials. A fundamental unit of information (e.g., a bit) is represented by a computational state variable, for example, the position of a bead in the ancient abacus calculator or the voltage (or charge) state of a node capacitance in CMOS logic. A binary computational state variable serves as the foundation for von Neumann computational system architectures that dominated conventional computing. Quantum information processing is different in that it uses qubits, two-state quantum-mechanical systems that can be in coherent superpositions of both states at the same time, which can have computational advantages. Measurement of a qubit in a given basis causes it to collapse to one of the basis states. Technology categories covered in this report include: • Superconductor electronics (SCE) • Cryogenic semiconductor electronics (Cryo-Semi) • Quantum information processing (QIP)

This book brings together reviews by internationally renowed experts on quantum optics and photonics. It describes novel experiments at the limit of single photons, and presents advances in this emerging research area. It also includes reprints and historical descriptions of some of the first pioneering experiments at a single-photon level and nonlinear optics, performed before the inception of lasers and modern light detectors, often with the human eye serving as a single-photon detector. The book comprises 19 chapters, 10 of which describe modern quantum photonics results, including single-photon sources, direct measurement of the photon's spatial wave function, nonlinear interactions and non-classical light, nanophotonics for room-temperature single-photon sources, time-multiplexed methods for optical quantum information processing, the role of photon statistics in visual perception, light-by-light coherent control using metamaterials, nonlinear nanoplasmonics, nonlinear polarization optics, and ultrafast nonlinear optics in the mid-infrared.

This volume collects the referred papers based on plenary, invited, and oral talks, as well on the posters presented at the Third International Conference on Computer Simulations in Physics and beyond (CSP2018), which took place September 24-27, 2018 in Moscow. The Conference continues the tradition started by an inaugural conference in 2015. It took place on the campus of A.N. Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics in Strogino, was jointly organized by the National Research University Higher School of Economics, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics and Science Center in Chernogolovka.
The Conference is a multidisciplinary meeting, with a focus on computational physics and related subjects. Indeed, methods of computational physics prove useful in a broad spectrum of research in multiple branches of natural sciences, and this volume provides a sample.
We hope that this volume will interest readers, and we are already looking forward to the next conference in the series.
Moscow, Russia
November, 2018
CSP2018 Conference Chair and Volume Editor
Lev Shchur

In recent years, the physics community has experienced a revival of interest in spin effects in solid state systems. On one hand, the solid state systems, particularly, semiconductors and semiconductor nanosystems, allow us to perform benchtop studies of quantum and relativistic phenomena. On the other hand, this interest is supported by the prospects of realizing spin-based electronics, where the electron or nuclear spins may play a role of quantum or classical information carriers. This book looks in detail at the physics of interacting systems of electron and nuclear spins in semiconductors, with particular emphasis on low-dimensional structures. These two spin systems naturally appear in practically all widespread semiconductor compounds. The hyperfine interaction of the charge carriers and nuclear spins is particularly prominent in nanosystems due to the localization of the charge carriers, and gives rise to spin exchange between these two systems and a whole range of beautiful and complex physics of manybody and nonlinear systems. As a result, understanding of the intertwined spin systems of electrons and nuclei is crucial for in-depth studying and controlling the spin phenomena in semiconductors. The book addresses a number of the most prominent effects taking place in semiconductor nanosystems including hyperfine interaction, nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamical nuclear polarization, spin-Faraday and spin-Kerr effects, processes of electron spin decoherence and relaxation, effects of electron spin precession mode-locking and frequency focussing, as well as fluctuations of electron and nuclear spins.

Computer simulations are nowadays a rmly established third pillar of modern natural sciences, complementing experimentation and paper-and-pencil theoret- ical studies. Simulations, experiments in silico, prove indispensable in diverse areas of research in physics and other natural sciences. This volume collects papers based on presentations delivered at the Sec- ond International Conference on Computer Simulations in Physics and beyond (CSP2017), which took place October 9-12, 2017 in Moscow. The Conference, which continues a biannual tradition started by an innaugural conference in 2015, took place on campus of A.N. Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, was jointly organized by the National Research University Higher School of Economics, the Landau Insitute for Theoretical Physics and Science Center in Chernogolovka. As the name implies, the Conference is a multidisciplinary meeting, with a focus on computational physics and related subjects. Indeed, methods of computational physics prove useful in a broad spectrum of research in multiple branches of natural sciences, and this volume provides a sample. We hope that this volume will interest a wide range of readers, and we are already looking forward for the next conference in this biannual series.

This book highlights selected topics of standard and modern theory of accretion onto black holes and magnetized neutron stars. The structure of stationary standard discs and non-stationary viscous processes in accretion discs are discussed to the highest degree of accuracy analytic theory can provide, including relativistic effects in flat and warped discs around black holes. A special chapter is dedicated to a new theory of subsonic settling accretion onto a rotating magnetized neutron star. The book also describes supercritical accretion in quasars and its manifestation in lensing events. Several chapters cover the underlying physics of viscosity in astrophysical discs with some important aspects of turbulent viscosity generation. The book is aimed at specialists as well as graduate students interested in the field of theoretical astrophysics.

The present book gathers chapters from colleagues of A. Ezersky from Russia, especially those from Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Science and from France, with whom he has been collaborating on experimental and theoretical developments. The book is subdivided into two parts. Part I contains eight chapters related to nonlinear water waves and Part II addresses in five chapters, patterns dynamics in nonequilibrium media. The contributions of Alexander B. Ezersky were valuable from both the experimental and the theoretical points of view. We thank all the authors for their contributions and the Springer Editor for having kindly accepted the edition of this book in memory of our colleague and friend, Prof. Alexander Borisovich Ezersky.

The materials of The International Scientific – Practical Conference is presented below.
The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.
It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

These notes have appeared as a result of a one-term course in superfluidity and superconductivity given by the author to fourth-year undergraduate students and first-year graduate students of the Department of Physics, Moscow State University of Education. The goal was not to give a detailed picture of these two macroscopic quantum phenomena with an extensive coverage of the experimental background and all the modern developments, but rather to show how the knowledge of undergraduate quantum mechanics and statistical physics could be used to discuss the basic concepts and simple problems, and draw parallels between superconductivity and superfluidity.
Superconductivity and superfluidity are two phenomena where quantum mechanics, typically constrained to the microscopic realm, shows itself on the macroscopic level. Conceptually and mathematically, these phenomena are related very closely, and some results obtained for one can, with a few modifications, be immediately carried over to the other. However, the student of these notes should be aware of important differences between superconductivity and superfluidity that stem mainly from two facts: (1) electrons in a superconductor carry a charge, therefore one has to take into account interaction with electromagnetic radiation; (2) electrons move in a lattice, therefore phonons play a role not only a mediators of attractive interaction between pairs of electrons, but also as scatterers of charge carriers.
Although these are notes on superfluidity and superconductivity, and there are a few cross-references, the two subjects can be studied independently with, perhaps, a little extra work by the student to fill in the gaps resulting from such study. The material of Chapter 1 introduces the method of second quantisation that is commonly used to discuss systems with many interacting particles. It is then applied in Chaper 2 to treat the uniform weakly interacting Bose gas within the approach by N. Bogoliubov, and in Chapter 4 to formulate the theory of the uniform superconducting state put forth by J. Bardeen, L. Cooper and R. Schrieffer. Chapter 3 presents the theory proposed independently by E. Gross and L. Pitaevskii of a non-uniform weakly interacting Bose gas, with a discussion of vortices, rotation of the condensate, and the Bogoliubov equations. In Chapter 5 we discuss the Ginzburd-Landau theory of a non-uniform superconductor near the critical temperature and apply it to a few simple problems such as the surface energy of the boundary between a normal metal and a superconductor, critical current and critical magnetic field, and vortices.

In this paper we present the studies of an ultrametric mathematical model for protein operation and give them physical interpretations that extend the conventional view of ensymatic activity regulation. The model is based on a representation of a multidimentional rugged energy landscapes by a hierarchy of nested basins of local minima and an approximation of protein dynamics with an ultrametric random walk. In contrast to an ordinary random walk, the ultrametric random walk is more suitable for describing of multiscale conformational dynamics and it is consistent with the kinetic features of ligand binding. Using our ultrametric model we show different ways to regulate enzymatic activity.

Superconducting properties of metallic nanowires can be entirely different from those of bulk superconductors because of the dominating role played by thermal and quantum fluctuations of the order parameter. For superconducting channels with diameters below ∼ 50 nm fluctuations of the phase of the complex order parameter - the phase slippage - lead to non-zero resistance below the critical temperature. Fluctuations of the modulus of the complex order parameter broaden the gap edge of the quasiparticle energy spectrum and modify the density of states. In extreme case of very narrow channels imbedded in high-impedance environment (which fix the charge and, hence, enable strong fluctuations of the quantum-conjugated variable, the phase) the superconductor can be driven to insulating state – the Coulomb blockade. We review recent experimental activities in the field demonstrating rather unusual phenomena.

The materials of The International Scientific – Practical Conference is presented below. The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.
It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

The textbook is meant for students continuing to study English (levels B1-B2 according to the European Framework) and majoring in science. The exercises and tasks are aimed at developing speaking, writing and reading skills on the basis of authentic texts on the achievements of scientists rewarded the Nobel Prize in the years 2000-2014

Adequate assessment of individual functional motor potentials is important for developing appropriate rehabilitation strategies in ischemic stroke [1]. Microstructural changes in corticospinal tract (CST) and corpus callosum (CC) were repeatedly correlated to post-stroke outcome [2, 3]. However, relationship between them and functional recovery remains unclear. Here we investigated relationship between integrity of CST and CC assessed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and brain functional state assessed with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) in chronic ischemic supratentorial stroke.

In this volume we have collected papers based on the presentations given at the International Conference on Computer Simulations in Physics and beyond (CSP2015), held in Moscow, September 6-10, 2015. We hope that this volume will be helpful and scientifically interesting for readers.
The Conference was organized for the first time with the common efforts of the Moscow Institute for Electronics and Mathematics (MIEM) of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, and the Science Center in Chernogolovka. The name of the Conference emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of computational physics. Its methods are applied to the broad range of current research in science and society. The choice of venue was motivated by the multidisciplinary character of the MIEM. It is a former independent university, which has recently become the part of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

This book is an attempt to put together a large number of similar problems that one encounters in various fields of modern quantum physics and that have common features considering multilevel quantum systems. The main motivation was to present from the same standpoints various models and approaches that have been developed in atomic, molecular, condensed matter, chemical, laser, and nuclear physics in various contexts. The book is based on my lectures in the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, in the Aime Cotton Laboratory of CNRS, and some other courses that I have delivered during the last two decades. It includes the original results obtained in collaboration with my colleagues V. Aquilanti, I. Averbukh, A. Belousov, M.Blaauboer, E. Borsela, E. Brion, B. Brunetti, C. Brechignac, P. Cahuzac, F. Carlier, I. Dumer, V. Gershkovich, G. Esadze, G. Garsevanishvili, G. Harel, E. Khokhlov, G.Kurizki, R. Larciprete, I. Murachko, A. Nesterenko, A. Orlov, S. Pelegrin, P. Pillet, F. Rebentrost, A. Sarfati, E. Schlag, W. Schleich, F. Vecchiocativi from different scientific centers in the world and with whom I had the pleasure to work on the dynamical aspects of the behavior of complex quantum systems. I express my deep gratitude to them for their collaboration. The book also contains numerous results of other authors that have, however, been expounded in different notations consistent with the present text, and that sometimes even rely on an alternative derivation as compared to the original version. In preparing the text I decided to add several results both scientific, yetunpublished, and pedagogical that I feel are necessary for giving the entire picture of the processes in complex quantum systems. Some of these results, presented inChap.6, have been obtained in collaboration with V. Kravtsov to whom I express my sincere acknowledgments. I also very much appreciate the discussions with V.Agranovich, E. Bogomolny, B. Chirikov, T. Gallagher, P. Golovinskii, M. Fedorov,Y. Fyodorov, C. Jungen, J. Jortner, L. Maksimov, V. Man’ko, I. Mazets, V. Kac,A. Kazantsev, D. Khmelnitsky, A. Kofman, I. Lerner, E. Nikitin, M. Shapiro, D.Shepelyanski, V. Pokrovskii, and A. Prokhorov on the different aspects of the results presented in the book.v
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I want to worship the memory of G. Askaryan who has influenced my choice of profession, showing me the beauty of physics presented in our life. Finally, I express my profound gratitude to my teachers Alexandr Dyknne and Nikolay Karlov. Paris, France
Vladimir M. Akulin
(14) (PDF) Dynamics of Complex Quantum Systems. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281862159_Dynamics_of_Complex_Quantum_Systems [accessed Nov 01 2020].
In this paper we present measurements and comparison of SPP propagation length at the practically important telecom wavelength (1560 nm) as well as in the near-infrared and visible spectral ranges. The measurements were carried out for plane SPP waves excited on Ag film surface using optical microscopy of SPP waves in the far field. We also demonstrate the possibility of visualization of a SPP waves propagation using multiphoton induced photoluminescence in silver.
We consider a two-component Bose-condensed mixture characterized by positive s-wave scattering lengths. We assume equal densities and intraspecies interactions. By doing the Bogoliubov transformation of an effective Hamiltonian, we obtain the lower energy magnon dispersion incorporating the superfluid entrainment between the components. We argue that p-wave pairing of distinct bosons should be accompanied by self-localization of magnons and formation of a magnetoroton. We demonstrate the effect on a model system of particles interacting via step potentials.
Motivated by recent experiments on quantum magnet NiCl2-4SC(NH2)2 (DTN) and its Br-doped counterpart DTNX we propose a theoretical description of optical magnon branch in the antiferromagnet with large single-ion anisotropy in the magnetically ordered phase. In the framework of the 1/S expansion we derive analytical expressions for optical magnon with \bf{k} = 0 energy magnetic field dependence \Delta(h). It is shown that in the linear spin wave approximation \Delta(h) is monotonic without extrema whereas first order in 1/S corrections makes it drastically different function with a minimum near the center of magnetically ordered phase. The latter behaviour was observed in ESR experiments. Moreover, we show that \Delta(h) has nontrivial dependence on the system parameters. It solves the discrepancy between inelastic neutron scattering data where the growth of interaction constants in DTNX with small Br concentration was observed and ESR experiments showing almost unchanged \Delta(h) in comparison with pure DTN.
Tensile strain is a promising tool for the creation and manipulation of magnetic solitonic textures in chiral helimagnets via tunable control of magnetic anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Here, by using in situ resonant small-angle x-ray scattering, we demonstrate that skyrmion and chiral soliton lattices can be achieved as metastable states in FeGe lamella as distinct states under tensile strain and magnetic fields in various orientations with respect to the deformation. The small-angle scattering data can be well accounted for in the framework of the analytical model for a soliton lattice. By using the experimental results and analytical theory, the unwinding of metastable skyrmions in a perpendicular magnetic field as shown by a small-angle scattering experiment was analyzed via micromagnetic simulation.
The analytical theory of density of states (DOS) in three-dimensional quantum magnets with the bond disorder is proposed based on the self-consistent T-matrix approximation (SCTMA). It successfully describes the DOS both for resonant and non-resonant scattering, whose emergence is governed by the ratio of scattering length and the average distance between impurities, which concentration is denoted as c. Corrections to the quasiparticle band gap in these cases are shown to scale as c^(2/3) and c, respectively. Moreover, the theory yields a semi-circle form of the DOS for the bound states inside the gap, which results in highly nontrivial DOS in the intermediate parameter region between the two limiting cases when the band DOS and the semi-circle overlap. Long-wavelength excitations are discussed. In the resonant regime their damping scales as c^(2/3), which, according to Ioffe-Regel criterion, corresponds to their localization. Applicability of the theory is illustrated by its quantitative agreement with the recent experimental data on spin-dimer system Ba_(3-x)Sr_xCr_2O_8.
Disorder-induced broadening of optical vibrational eigenmodes in nanoparticles of nonpolar crystals is studied numerically. The methods previously used to treat the phonons in defectless particles are adjusted for numerical evaluation of the disordered problem. Imperfections in the forms of Gaussian and binary disorders as well as surface irregularities are investigated thoroughly in a wide range of impurity concentrations and disorder strengths. For dilute and weak pointlike impurities the regimes of separated and overlapped phonon levels are obtained and the behavior of the linewidth predicted analytically is confirmed; the crossover scale falls into the actual range of several nanometers. These notions survive for strong dilute impurities, as well. Regimes and crossovers predicted by the analytical approach are checked and identified, and the minor discrepancies are discussed. We mention a few of them: slower than in analytics increasing of the linewidth with the phonon quantum number for weak disorder and only a qualitative agreement between analytics and numerics for the resonant broadening in strong dilute disorder. The novel phenomena discovered numerically are the “mesoscopic smearing” of the distribution function in the ensemble of identical disordered particles, an inflection of the linewidth dependence on the impurity concentration for light “dense” binary impurities, and a position-dependent capability of a strong impurity to catch the phonon. It is shown that surface irregularities contribute to the phonon linewidth less than the volume disorder, and their rates reveal faster decay with increasing of the particle size. It is argued that the results of the present research are applicable also for quantum dots and short quantum wires.
Microscopic description of Raman spectra in nanopowders of nonpolar crystals is accomplished by developing the theory of disorder-induced broadening of optical vibrational eigenmodes. Analytical treatment of this problem is performed, and line shape and width are determined as functions of phonon quantum numbers, nanoparticle shape, size, and the strength of disorder. The results are found to be strongly dependent on whether the broadened line is separated from or overlaps other lines of the spectrum. Three models of disorder, i.e., weak pointlike impurities, weak smooth random potential, and strong rare impurities, are investigated in detail. The possibility of forming the phonon-impurity bound state is also studied.
We study the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK4) model with a weak SYK2 term of magnitude Γ beyond the simplest perturbative limit considered previously. For intermediate values of the perturbation strength, J/N≪Γ≪J/√N, fluctuations of the Schwarzian mode are suppressed, and the SYK4 mean-field solution remains valid beyond the timescale t0∼N/J up to t∗∼J/Γ2. The out-of-time-order correlation function displays at short time intervals exponential growth with maximal Lyapunov exponent 2πT, but its prefactor scales as T at low temperatures T≤Γ.
Two-dimensional stacking fault defects embedded in a bulk crystal can provide a homogeneous trapping potential for carriers and excitons. Here we utilize state-of-the-art structural imaging coupled with density- functional and effective-mass theory to build a microscopic model of the stacking-fault exciton. The diamagnetic shift and exciton dipole moment at different magnetic fields are calculated and compared with the experimental photoluminescence of excitons bound to a single stacking fault in GaAs. The model is used to further provide insight into the properties of excitons bound to the double-well potential formed by stacking fault pairs. This microscopic exciton model can be used as an input into models which include exciton-exciton interactions to determine the excitonic phases accessible in this system.