Article
Mapping the internal wave field in the Baltic Sea in the context of sediment transport in shallow water
The geographical and seasonal distributions of kinematic and nonlinear parametersof long internal waves obtained on a base of GDEM climatology in the Baltic Sea region are examined. The considered parameters (phase speed of long internal wave, dispersion, quadratic and cubicnonlinearity parameters) of the weakly-nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries-type models (in particular, Gardner model), can be used for evaluations of the possible polarities, shapes of solitary internal waves, their limiting amplitudes and propagation speeds. The key outcome is an express estimate of the expected internal wave parameters for different regions of the Baltic Sea. The central kinematic characteristic is the near-bottom velocity in internal waves in areas where the density jump layers are located in the vicinity of seabed. In such areas internal waves are the major driver of sediment resuspension and erosion processes and may be also responsible for destroying the laminated structure of sedimentation regime (that frequently occurs in certain areas of the Baltic Sea).
For equations of mathematical physics, which are the Euler-Lagrange equation of the corresponding variational problems, an important class of solutions are soliton solutions. The study of soliton solutions is based on the existence of a one-to-one correspondence between soliton solutions for initial systems and solutions of induced functional- differential equations of pointwise type (FDEPT). The existence and uniqueness theorem for an induced FDEPT guarantees the existence and uniqueness of a soliton solution with given initial values for systems with a quasilinear potential. For systems with a quasilinear potential, one can also formulate the conditions for the existence of a periodic solution. A system with a polynomial potential can be redefined so that the resulting potential turns out to be quasilinear. If a guaranteed periodic soliton solution for such an overdetermined system lies in a sphere, outside which the potential is redefined, then we obtain the conditions for the existence of a periodic soliton solution for the initial system with a polynomial potential. An important task is the numerical realization of periodic soliton solutions for systems with a polynomial potential, which has been successfully solved.
We address a specific but possible situation in natural water bodies when the three-layer stratification has a symmetric nature, with equal depths of the uppermost and the lowermost layers. In such case, the coefficients at the leading nonlinear terms of the modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation vanish simultaneously. It is shown that in such cases there exists a specific balance between the leading nonlinear and dispersive terms. An extension to the mKdV equation is derived by means of combination of a sequence of asymptotic methods. The resulting equation contains a cubic and a quintic nonlinearity of the same magnitude and possesses solitary wave solutions of different polarity. The properties of smaller solutions resemble those for the solutions of the mKdV equation whereas the height of the taller solutions is limited and they become table-like. It is demonstrated numerically that the collisions of solitary wave solutions to the resulting equation are weakly inelastic: the basic properties of the counterparts experience very limited changes but the interactions are certainly accompanied by a certain level of radiation of small-amplitude waves.
Conditions of optimal (synchronized) collisions of any number of solitons and breathers are studied within the framework of the Gardner equation (GE) with positive cubic nonlinearity, which in the limits of small and large amplitudes tends to other long-wave models, the classic and the modified Korteweg–de Vries equations. The local solution for an isolated soliton or breather within the GE is obtained. The wave amplitude in the focal point is calculated exactly. It exhibits a linear superposition of partial amplitudes of the solitons and breathers. The crucial role of the choice of proper soliton polarities and breather phases on the cumulative wave amplitude in the focal point is demonstrated. Solitons aremost synchronized when they have alternating polarities. The straightforward link to the problem of synchronization of envelope solitons and breathers in the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation is discussed (then breathers correspond to envelope solitons propagating above a condensate).
Soliton turbulence is studied within the framework of Gardner equation (generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation including quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms) by virtue of the direct numerical simulation of the ensemble dynamics. This equation allows the different soliton polarities to exist which make possible waves with extreme amplitudes to occur. Though the pairwise soliton collisions happen more frequently in the soliton gas, multiple soliton collisions have been identified as well involving up to five solitons. The emergence of abnormally large waves (rogue waves) of "unexpected" polarity is demonstrated. Different statistical properties of soliton turbulence (statistical moments, distribution functions) are analyzed. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This paper deals with the implementation of numerical methods for searching for traveling waves for Korteweg-de Vries-type equations with time delay. Based upon the group approach, the existence of traveling wave solution and its boundedness are shown for some values of parameters. Meanwhile, solutions constructed with the help of the proposed constructive method essentially extend the class of systems, possessing solutions of this type, guaranteed by theory. The proposed method for finding solutions is based on solving a multiparameter extremal problem. Several numerical solutions are demonstrated.
A method based on the spectral analysis of thermowave oscillations formed under the effect of radiation of lasers operated in a periodic pulsed mode is developed for investigating the state of the interface of multilayered systems. The method is based on high sensitivity of the shape of the oscillating component of the pyrometric signal to adhesion characteristics of the phase interface. The shape of the signal is quantitatively estimated using the correlation coefficient (for a film–interface system) and the transfer function (for multilayered specimens).
Let k be a field of characteristic zero, let G be a connected reductive algebraic group over k and let g be its Lie algebra. Let k(G), respectively, k(g), be the field of k- rational functions on G, respectively, g. The conjugation action of G on itself induces the adjoint action of G on g. We investigate the question whether or not the field extensions k(G)/k(G)^G and k(g)/k(g)^G are purely transcendental. We show that the answer is the same for k(G)/k(G)^G and k(g)/k(g)^G, and reduce the problem to the case where G is simple. For simple groups we show that the answer is positive if G is split of type A_n or C_n, and negative for groups of other types, except possibly G_2. A key ingredient in the proof of the negative result is a recent formula for the unramified Brauer group of a homogeneous space with connected stabilizers. As a byproduct of our investigation we give an affirmative answer to a question of Grothendieck about the existence of a rational section of the categorical quotient morphism for the conjugating action of G on itself.
Let G be a connected semisimple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k. In 1965 Steinberg proved that if G is simply connected, then in G there exists a closed irreducible cross-section of the set of closures of regular conjugacy classes. We prove that in arbitrary G such a cross-section exists if and only if the universal covering isogeny Ĝ → G is bijective; this answers Grothendieck's question cited in the epigraph. In particular, for char k = 0, the converse to Steinberg's theorem holds. The existence of a cross-section in G implies, at least for char k = 0, that the algebra k[G]G of class functions on G is generated by rk G elements. We describe, for arbitrary G, a minimal generating set of k[G]G and that of the representation ring of G and answer two Grothendieck's questions on constructing generating sets of k[G]G. We prove the existence of a rational (i.e., local) section of the quotient morphism for arbitrary G and the existence of a rational cross-section in G (for char k = 0, this has been proved earlier); this answers the other question cited in the epigraph. We also prove that the existence of a rational section is equivalent to the existence of a rational W-equivariant map T- - - >G/T where T is a maximal torus of G and W the Weyl group.