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Scientists from HSE University, MSU, and Tallinn University of Technology have studied a fossil species of ancient brachiopods that lived in a warm sea in what is now northern Estonia more than 445 million years ago. These ancient brachiopods developed a cup-shaped shell with a protective 'cap' that shielded them from overgrowth by other marine organisms. The study has been published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
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Гуманитарный терроризм как высшая и последняя стадия асимметричной войны

Философские науки. 2020. Т. 63. № 1. С. 66–84.
Kashnikov B.

The articles reviews the problem of humanitarian terrorism that is a terrorism
of self-proclaimed humanitarian goals and self-inflicted constraints.
This type of terrorism justifies itself by lofty aspirations and claims that its
actions are targeted killings of guilty individuals only. This terrorism is the
product of the Enlightenment, it emerged by the end of the 18th century and
passed three stages in its development. The first stage is the classical terror
of the Jacobins 1793–1794. The second one is Russian revolutionary terror
of the end of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The third stage is the contemporary
American warfare waged by the unmanned aerial vehicles, called
drones. From the perspective of the contemporary just war theory, this terrorism
is not only morally superior to the ordinary primitive terrorism of
straightforward attacks on civilians (this terrorism may be no less fair in
terms of self-imposed goals, but is doubtful in terms of means), but even
contemporary war. Terrorists of this type kill the few but teach a lesson to
many. But it must be clearly born in mind that humanitarian terrorism is not
only the summit of just war but also the summit of absolute war. It is founded
in personal and individual enmity, which makes the core of absolute
enmity. Absolute enmity may at times be inevitable and even justified, but it
blocks the road to peace. Revengeful spite, stemming from absolute enmity,
is capable of creating its own phantoms of justice, propelling the war. The
author concludes that the vicious circle is thus completed. The logic of just
war drags in the direction humanitarian terrorism, humanitarian terrorism
drags in the mire of absolute enmity. Absolute enmity proclaims just war.

Research target: Law Other social sciences Humanities Philosophy, Ethics, and Religious Studies
Priority areas: sociology state and public administration law humanitarian
Language: Russian
Full text
DOI
Text on another site
Keywords: терроризмморальгуманизмterrorismjust war theoryтеррортеория справедливой войныterrorhumanismWarmoralsВойна
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