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Принцип нетранзитивности превосходства в разных парадигмах
The article discusses approaches to objective nontransitiveness of superiority (A is superior, more competitive than B, B - C, C - A) in several scientific areas (mathematics, biology, economics, decision-taking theory) which have turned nontransitiveness of superiority into an object of special research. The author analyzes relations between the ‘mainstream’ in a specific area and ‘dissent’ conflicting with the dominant paradigm. The author suggests two interconnected but insufficient explanations of the state of things: 1) specificity of levels of reality studied in a specific scientific area; 2) specificity of basic provisions (axioms) related not only to specificity of the reality being studied, but also to peculiarities of evolution caused by laws of sociology and psychology of scientific research. It is possible to roughly define 4 levels of complexity of non-transitiveness: a) simple combinatory nontransitiveness of non-interacting objects; b) simple interactive non-transitiveness of objects that interact without changing their quality; c) interactive non-transitiveness accompanied by qualitative transformations of objects engaged in interactions; d) rhizome non-transitiveness caused by multiple links and interactions of complex systems accompanied by qualitative transformations. The classic axiom of transitiveness of superiority (if A>B and B>C, then A>C) was based on notions of the world which, in retrospective, seem naive. Further development of science uncovered examples which, in I. Lakatos’s terms, were ‘monsters’ for theories based on the above axiom. But for other researchers objective non-transitiveness is not a monster, not an ugly duckling, but a swan caught in the net of scientific thought when it transgresses the limits of the simplistic Neutonian model of the world.