Article
Производство новостной фотографии: аналитические ресурсы социальных наук
PRODUCTION OF NEWS PHOTOGRAPHY: ANALYTICAL RESOURCES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES The article focuses on the process of production of news photographs. News photographs, created by leading information agencies, occupy a significant place in the visual flow that surrounds modern man, however their production is practically not investigated. Proposed by the author revision of approaches, developed in the context of visual researches and sociology of journalism, promotes designation of fundamental principles of microanalysis of visual production. For their detalization the materials of fieldwork conducted in Moscow bureaus of international wire services (interviews and participant observation) carried out by the author are used.
The history of visual anthropology as method and theory is considered in the paper. Its place in the system of cultural sciences, as well its practical functions carried out first of all while conducting the field research are analyzed. The short history of audiovisual documenting and using of photo and cinema tools in the western expedition practices is discussed. The situation of "communication turn» in anthropology as the factor which redefined the identity of discipline in the second half of the XX century is discribed.
In this study, we aim to discover Russian “centers of excellence” and explore patterns of their collaboration with each other and with foreign partners. Highly cited papers serve as a proxy for “excellence” and co-authored papers as a measure of collaborative efforts. We find that at the moment research institutes (of the Russian Academy of Sciences as well as others) remain the key players, in spite of recent government initiatives to stimulate university science. The contribution of commercial sector to high-impact research is negligible. More than 90% of Russian highly cited papers involve international collaboration, Russian institutions often not playing a dominant role there. Patterns of national (“intra-national”) collaboration differ significantly across different types of organizations, the strongest ties are between three nuclear/particle physics centers. We draw a co-authorship map to visualize collaboration between Russian centers of excellence.
The goal of the conference is to help build cross-disciplinary networks of analysts, software specialists, and researchers to advance the use of textual information in multiple science, technology, and business development fields. Within this context, conference themes will include, but are not limited to:
Data
Sourcing, preparing, and interpreting data sources including patents, publications, webscraping, and other novel data sourcesText-mining tools and methods
Best practices in software-based topic modeling, clumping, association rules, term manipulation, text manipulation, etc. VisualizationApplied research
Future-Oriented Technology Analysis (FTA) Intelligence gathering to support decision-making in the private sector (e.g., Management of Technology)The articles in this collection are written on the basis of reports made in 2015 at the faculty of computational mathematics and cybernetics of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosova at the annual meeting of the XVIII Interdisciplinary Scientific Seminar "Mathematical modeling and informatics of social processes" named Hero of Socialist Labor Academician A.A. Samarskogo. The publication is intended for researchers, teachers, students, universities and research institutes Russian Academy of Sciences with an interest in the development and implementation of the methodology of mathematical modeling for the study of social processes.
In this paper we present some preliminary results for text corpus visualization by means of so-called reference graphs. The nodes of this graph stand for key words or phrases extracted from the texts and the edges represent the reference relation. The node A refers to the node B if the corresponding key word / phrase B is more likely to co-occur with key word / phrase A than to occur on its own. Since reference graphs are directed graphs, we are able to use graphtheoretic algorithms for further analysis of the text corpus. The visualization technique is tested on our own Web-based corpus of Russian-language newspapers.
Photo-elicitation interview in the research of professional production of the visual.
The paper considers sociological appliance of one of the visual methods – photo-elicitation interview. The method implies interviews that use photographs as stimuli for informants’ responses and reflection. Despite the interest in visual culture in the contemporary social sciences the method is hardly ever used in the analysis of its production. There are works with photo-elicitation interviews that include the analysis of visual dimensions of the researched phenomena as well as photographic conventions. However the photo-elicitation interviews have not been used in order to get the narratives of the professional producers of the visual.
The author presents her own experience of using the method in the research of production of news images and shows its advantages and difficulties. The research was focused on the production process in the practice of employee of the photo department of major wire services. The ethnographic observation of the work of the photo departments showed that the photography should not be considered as something that appears at the end of the «production chain». Rather it should be noted that photography is present in all everyday practices of photojournalists. The traditional interviews allowed grasping the principles that guide the news images production in wire services. However, the informants had difficulties in giving examples and demonstrating how those principles are applied or missed in their professional practices. Thus, the photo-elicitation method was used so that the informant could have their own news photographs to rely on while sharing their experience. Moreover, the questions concerning concrete visual decisions were easier to ask having actual examples before the eyes. The photo-elicitation interviews made possible to study the practices of deviance from the visual format of wire services, to get the narratives on professional practices beyond self-representations of professionals, to contextualize the decision-making process concerning visual and to see the backstage of profession. The method proved to be fruitful for studies of professional production of the visual as well as for the studies of professional practices and the principles of visualization.
In this study, we discover Russian “centers of excellence” and explore patterns of their collaboration with each other and with foreign partners. Highly cited papers serve as a proxy for “excellence” and coauthored papers as a measure of collaborative efforts. We find that currently research institutes (of the Russian Academy of Sciences as well as others) remain the key players despite recent government initiatives to stimulate university science. The contribution of the commercial sector to high-impact research is negligible. More than 90% of Russian highly cited papers involve international collaboration, and Russian institutions often do not play a dominant role. Partnership with U.S., German, U.K., and French scientists increases markedly the probability of a Russian paper becoming highly cited. Patterns of national (“intranational”) collaboration in world-class research differ significantly across different types of organizations; the strongest ties are between three nuclear/particle physics centers. Finally, we draw a coauthorship map to visualize collaboration between Russian centers of excellence.
Several approaches to the concept of fatherhood present in Western sociological tradition are analyzed and compared: biological determinism, social constructivism and biosocial theory. The problematics of fatherhood and men’s parental practices is marginalized in modern Russian social research devoted to family and this fact makes the traditional inequality in family relations, when the father’s role is considered secondary compared to that of mother, even stronger. However, in Western critical men’s studies several stages can be outlined: the development of “sex roles” paradigm (biological determinism), the emergence of the hegemonic masculinity concept, inter-disciplinary stage (biosocial theory). According to the approach of biological determinism, the role of a father is that of the patriarch, he continues the family line and serves as a model for his ascendants. Social constructivism looks into man’s functions in the family from the point of view of masculine pressure and establishing hegemony over a woman and children. Biosocial theory aims to unite the biological determinacy of fatherhood with social, cultural and personal context. It is shown that these approaches are directly connected with the level of the society development, marriage and family perceptions, the level of egality of gender order.