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Роль текстуры, формы и ориентации объекта в рамках «эффекта совместимости» в зрительном поиске
Background. Knowledge about the way of acting with an object, which is stored in its representation, can influence the speed of its identification and categorisation. This phenomenon is called the compatibility effect (CE). Despite the fact that this effect has been a subject of interest to researchers for quite a long time, the ideas about the mechanisms of its occurrence are quite contradictory. In particular, an important research question concerns the specific features of an object that can activate a motor programme, as well as the limitation of the range of tasks within which the activation of motor programmes is in principle possible.
Objectives. The study aimed to clarify the possibility of CE occurrence in a visual search task given control of motion differentiation, distractor congruency, and a limited set of target stimuli (1-2 objects). An additional aim of the study was to investigate the role of shape, orientation and texture in the selection of a congruent motor programme. It was hypothesised that object texture could modify the congruent motor programme. For example, grasping a fresh cucumber or tomato involves grasping the object (bringing all fingers together), whereas for pickled versions of these objects, the appropriate way to grasp would be more like pinching (bringing only two fingers together). The present work examined the holistic influence of object texture, shape, and orientation on the occurrence of compatibility effects in a visual search task.
Study Participant. Fifty-nine participants aged 18 to 30 years (M = 21.7; SD = 2.52; 44 females) took part in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, 63 individuals aged 18 to 30 years (M = 20.3; SD = 1.77; 51 females).
Methods. Two experiments were conducted in which subjects performed a visual object search task while simultaneously performing hand movements. Experiment 1 had a mixed experimental design, where the between-group variable was the type of movement (grasping or pinching with the palm down) and the within-group variable was a combination of texture and shape of the object. A mixed experimental design was also used in Experiment 2. The between-group variable was motion type (grasping or pinching with the palm down or sideways) and the within-group variable was a combination of texture and object orientation. Images of real objects (tomatoes and cucumbers) were used throughout. A mixed two-factor ANOVA and mixed-effects linear regression were used to process the data.
Results. The compatibility effect as well as the effect of object texture ("pickle effect") were not found in visual search. Search efficiency was determined by the colour and heterogeneity of the target and distractors, but not by the congruence of the motor program. It is suggested that activation of affordance requires certain conditions that cannot be created in the context of a visual search task - for example, a formed intention to perform actions with an object.
Conclusions. The present study suggests that there is no influence of object knowledge of way of acting on the processes of directing attention in visual search. Investigating the role of object shape, orientation, and texture in the context of congruent motor programme selection makes sense in identification and categorisation tasks involving the intention to act on an object.