Article
Центральные генераторы паттерна
Alcoholism as a cause of regression in learning and in pro-social behavior
Alexandrov Yu.I., Svarnik O.Ye., Znamenskaya I.I., Arutiunova K.R., Kolbeneva M.G., Krylov A.K., Bulava A.N.
Despite a long history of the notion of regression, its manifestations and mechanisms are still poorly researched, specific experimental studies are rare, points of view conflict. A study was conducted to discover dynamics of subjective experience and brain activity lying at the foundation of phenomena described as regression and observed in seemingly heterogeneous phenomena, such as stress, illness, violent emotions, alcoholic intoxication. The paper discusses the notion of regression from different angles, including the systemic evolutionary approach, and analyzes its potential brain and neuroenetic mechanisms. It has been experimentally proved that a high degree of alcoholic intoxication causes regression brought about by reverse de-differentiation: a relative increase of representation of lowly differentiated systems in actual experience.In experimental situations of learning in animals lowered activation of neurons of the first (drinking) skill was observed in the process of development of the second (eating) skill. In order to discover effects of alcohol on the general pattern of moral judgements the authors analyzed dynamics of the index of moral acceptance of the death of one for the sake of many. Complexity of behavior is simplified under alcohol and individual differences in pro-social behavior become less expressed. Findings demonstrate similarities in assessments of socially meaningful actions under alcohol, which, the authors believe, points to the effect of alcohol as “de-differentiator” causing regression. The effects may be linked to the general mechanism of reversible de-differentiation which determines repression of a number of systems (and, consequently, of activity of a number of neurons) in the most differentiated “complex” systems. This simplification may be linked to accelerated learning and also to the fact that organization of behavior becomes more uniform.
The concept of regression is considered with an emphasis on the differences between the positions of Freud and Jung regarding its significance. The paper discusses the results of experimental analyses of individual experience dynamics (from gene expression changes and impulse neuronal activity in animals to prosocial behaviour in healthy humans at different ages, and humans in chronic pain) in those situations where regression occurs: stress, disease, learning, highly emotional states and alcohol intoxication. Common mechanisms of regression in all these situations are proposed. The mechanisms of regression can be described as reversible dedifferentiation, which is understood as a relative increase of the representation of low-differentiated (older) systems in the actualized experience. In all of the cases of dedifferentiation mentioned above, the complexity of the systemic organization of behaviour significantly decreases.
We analyzed a generic relaxation oscillator under moderately strong forcing at a frequency much greater that the natural intrinsic frequency of the oscillator. Additionally, the forcing is of the same sign and, thus, has a nonzero average, matching neuroscience applications. We found that, first, the transition to high-frequency synchronous oscillations occurs mostly through periodic solutions with virtually no chaotic regimes present. Second, the amplitude of the high-frequency oscillations is large, suggesting an important role for these oscillations in applications. Third, the 1:1 synchronized solution may lose stability, and, contrary to other cases, this occurs at smaller, but not at higher frequency differences between intrinsic and forcing oscillations. We analytically built a map that gives an explanation of these properties. Thus, we found a way to substantially “overclock” the oscillator with only a moderately strong external force. Interestingly, in application to neuroscience, both excitatory and inhibitory inputs can force the high-frequency oscillations.
Movement control of artificial limbs has made big advances in recent years. New sensor and control technology enhanced the functionality and usefulness of artificial limbs to the point that complex movements, such as grasping, can be performed to a limited extent. To date, the most successful results were achieved by applying recurrent neural networks (RNNs), However, in the domain of artificial hands, experiments so far were limited to non-mobile wrists, which significantly reduces the functionality of such prostheses. In this paper, for the first time, we present empirical results on gesture recognition with both mobile and non-mobile wrists. Furthermore, we demonstrate that recurrent neural networks with simple recurrent units (SRU) outperform regular RNNs in both cases in terms of gesture recognition accuracy, on data acquired by an arm band sensing electromagnetic signals from arm muscles (via surface electromyography or sEMG). Finally, we show that adding domain adaptation techniques to continuous gesture recognition with RNN improves the transfer ability between subjects, where a limb controller trained on data from one person is used for another person.
This article describes the expierence of studying factors influencing the social well-being of educational migrants as mesured by means of a psychological well-being scale (A. Perrudet-Badoux, G.A. Mendelsohn, J.Chiche, 1988) previously adapted for Russian by M.V. Sokolova. A statistical analysis of the scale's reliability is performed. Trends in dynamics of subjective well-being are indentified on the basis the correlations analysis between the condbtbions of adaptation and its success rate, and potential mechanisms for developing subjective well-being among student migrants living in student hostels are described. Particular attention is paid to commuting as a factor of adaptation.
The distractive effects on attentional task performance in different paradigms are analyzed in this paper. I demonstrate how distractors may negatively affect (interference effect), positively (redundancy effect) or neutrally (null effect). Distractor effects described in literature are classified in accordance with their hypothetical source. The general rule of the theory is also introduced. It contains the formal prediction of the particular distractor effect, based on entropy and redundancy measures from the mathematical theory of communication (Shannon, 1948). Single- vs dual-process frameworks are considered for hypothetical mechanisms which underpin the distractor effects. Distractor profiles (DPs) are also introduced for the formalization and simple visualization of experimental data concerning the distractor effects. Typical shapes of DPs and their interpretations are discussed with examples from three frequently cited experiments. Finally, the paper introduces hierarchical hypothesis that states the level-fashion modulating interrelations between distractor effects of different classes.