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Атомизм и холизм в современной теории сложности
Atomism and holism are considered as two opposite by implication but complementary approaches in the modern theory of complex self-organizing systems (theory of complexity). Atomism is connected with the consideration of nesting of complex structures in the world, their fractal organization, where we can reach elementary, further indivisible structural fragments on those basis complex scale invariant, self-similar spatio-temporal structures grow up. Besides, atomism is connected with the study of hierarchical organization of being and of elements, parts, subsystems out of which a whole structure is built. At the same time, it is shown in the article that the whole theory of complexity is penetrated by holism, and its holism is evolutionary by its character. Holism in evolution of complex self-organizing systems is coupled with the appearance of emergent properties of integral structural forms as well as with the discreteness, certain set of structures-attractors of evolution. The modern atomism can be brought into correlation with the notion of frames of perception in cognitive science. Proceeding from the system and evolutionary worldview, some arguments are put forward in favor of a hypothesis of the origins of the alphabetical writing in close connection with the studies of atoms in physical nature (Nidem, A.I. Kosyrev, V.G. Lysenko).