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Observed and unobserved regional determinants of FDI inflows: micro level analysis of the food industry firms in Russia
Новый подход к проблемам эгалитаризма, культурной дистанции и прямых иностранных инвестиций.
В данной работе исследуется сходимость российских регионов. В 1990-е годы в России не наблюдалась сходимость регионов, однако в 2000-х годах ситуация резко изменилась. В то время как различия в ВРП на душу остаются существенными между регионами, различия в среднедушевых доходах и заработных платах значительно снизились. Мы показали, что государственное распределение ресурсов не играет значительной роли в наблюдаемой сходимости. Мы пытаемся объяснить сложившийся феномен региональной сходимости в 2000-х годах, используя панельные данные межрегионального перераспределения труда и капитала. Оказалось, что рынок капитала в России интегрированный в том смысле, что местные инвестиции не зависят от местных сбережений. Мы показали, что экономический рост и финансовое развитие значительно снизили барьеры миграции населения. В 90-е годы многие бедные регионы России находились в ловушках бедности: население этих регионов хотело бы мигрировать, но не имело достаточных средств для совершения переезда. В 2000-х годах, особенно начиная с 2005 года, эти барьеры исчезли. Всеобщее экономическое развитие позволило регионам выйти из ловушек бедности. Это привело и к сходимости рынков труда. Межрегиональные различия в среднедушевых доходах, заработных платах и уровнях безработицы сейчас меньше, чем в Европе. Результаты показывают, что экономический рост и развитие финансовых рынков и рынка недвижимости в конечном итоге привели к межрегиональной конвергенции в России.
What is governmental effectiveness on the regional level? How can the study of regional effectiveness help us understand the performance of the political, social and economic systems of the state as a whole? These questions are very important from both the theoretical and applied perspectives, and the Russian Federation, with its huge and diverse territory, provides extremely rich material to answer them. Serious institutional reforms in the public sector have been implemented in recent years, and the results vary substantially from one region to another. So, in Russia, we can study how general attempts to make government more effective - guided by federal policies - produce particular regional effects, and, conversely, how regions implement federal policy differently. Both views tell us something important about overall governmental quality.
Governmental effectiveness, though in a broad sense one of the oldest issues in political science and philosophy, is currently enjoying a renaissance. The quantity of recent publications and even a special academic structure - The Quality of Government Institute in Sweden – illustrate the current interest. However, researching governmental effectiveness poses serious difficulties, on both the conceptual and instrumental levels. Despite (perhaps even because of) the variety of available theoretical frameworks, the essential core notions of governmental effectiveness and good governance remain murky. Furthermore, scholars disagree about what effectiveness and efficiency mean in a general sense. These issues obviously make it difficult to construct adequate measurement instruments.
The paper seeks to achieve three goals: 1) to review existing approaches and highlight their weak points; 2) to propose a theoretical framework for analyzing governmental effectiveness using appropriate estimation tools; and 3) to present empirical results based on data on public health care from Russia’s regions. Three patterns that ought to correlate - regional efficiency, how reform has been implemented and public opinion – are, instead, inconsistent with each other. Russia’s health-care sector today faces considerable problems with basic, systemic effectiveness.
В данной работе предлагаются методики анализа динамики эффективности публичного сектора в регионах России. Эмпирической базой являются авторские оценки социальной эффективности, полученные с помощью Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Предложена фоомула расчета для оценки динамики эффективности одновременно в пространстве «ориентации на результат» и «ориентации на затраты», основанная на сравнении реальной траектории региона с "эталонным" дивжением к границе производственных возможностей
Subnational political units are growing in influence in national and international
affairs, drawing increasing scholarly attention to politics beyond national capitals.
In this book, leading Russian and Western political scientists contribute to
debates in comparative politics by examining Russia’s subnational politics.
Beginning with a chapter that reviews major debates in theory and method,
this book continues to examine Russia’s 83 regions, exploring a wide range of
topics including the nature and stability of authoritarian regimes, federal politics,
political parties, ethnic conflict, governance and inequality in a comparative perspective.
Providing both qualitative and quantitative data from 20 years of original
research, the book draws on elite interaction, public opinion and the role of
institutions regionally in the post-Soviet
years. The regions vary on a number of
theoretically interesting dimensions while their federal membership provides
control for other dimensions that are challenging for globally comparative
studies. The authors demonstrate the utility of subnational analyses and show
how regional questions can help answer a variety of political questions, providing
evidence from Russia that can be used by specialists on other large countries
or world regions in cross-national
scholarship.
Situated within broader theoretical and methodological political science
debates, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of Russian politics,
comparative politics, regionalism and subnational politics
In the publication we describe Russian regional markets of higher education. We consider the following indicators of the markets: size in terms of students per 10 000 of population; its institutional structure – number of public and private institutions, universities and their local branches; program diversity; level and dynamics of tuition fees during recent years; and levels of market concentration in higher education. For each key indicator we present geographical maps that characterize differentiation of the regional markets. We also analyze indicators of regional markets of higher education in conjunction with clusters of Russian regions outlined by Independent Institute on Social Policy (2006) on the basis of socio-economic indicators and derive meaningful conclusions on differentiation of key indicators of higher education markets. We show that in Russia the level of regional development corresponds to the level of concentration and diversification at regional higher education markets.
On the basis of in-depth case studies of four Russian regions, Kirov and Voronezh oblasts and Krasnoyarsk and Perm' krais, the trade-offs among social and economic policy at the regional level in Russia are examined. All four regional governments seek to develop entrepreneurship while preserving social welfare obligations and improving compensation in the public sector. Richer regions have a greater ability to reconcile social commitments with the promotion of business. Regions differ in their development strategies, some placing greater emphasis on indigenous business development and others seeking to attract federal or foreign investment. Governors have considerable discretion in choosing their strategy so long as they meet basic performance demands set by the federal government such as ensuring good results for the United Russia party. In all four regions, governments consult actively with local business associations whereas organized labor is weak. However, the absence of effective institutions to enforce commitments undertaken by government and its social partners undermines regional capacity to use social policy as a basis for long-term economic development.
Об эгалитаризме и международных инвестициях.
Russian multinational enterprises (MNE) expanded widely in the late 1990s through the summer of 2008 at the onset of the global financial crisis of 2008. The emerging market MNEs have now become a subject of intensive study with a particular focus on the actions and behaviors of firms from Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). This paper attempts to flesh out the reputational and corporate social responsibility (CSR) aspects of this internationalization process. The paper finds that in select cases the reputation of a Russia MNE does play a role in their activities and that these emergent firms recognize host country stakeholders as an audience for concern when conducting OFDI.