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Russia
The Russian doctoral education system experienced dramatic transformations in the last 30 years, which aimed to increase the completion rates and improve the quality of dissertations. However, these changes did not touch upon the supervision practices, which remain the same as in Soviet times. There is a legally approved opportunity to implement team supervision, but most universities and research organisations do not use it. The main barriers to the implementation of team supervision practices are related to the (1) uncertainty of the permissible reasons for team supervision, (2) lack of rewards for team supervision, (3) lack of sustainable requests for team supervision from doctoral students, (4) resistance to team supervision by supervisors, (5) distrust toward team supervision on the institutional and federal levels. Systematic transformations are required to shift towards real integration of team supervision practices into the Russian doctoral education system.