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Теория и практика двусторонних рынков (Нобелевская премия по экономике 2012 года)
The paper provides an overview of major results in the theory of two-sided markets that brought the 2012 Nobel Memorial Prize in economics to Lloyd Shapley and Alvin Roth. We describe the celebrated Gale & Shapley deferred acceptance algorithm and Shapley & Scarf top trading cycles algorithm in applications to marriage and college admissions markets, and provide simple examples to illustrate the basic mechanics of these algorithms. We also explain how Gale & Shapley algorithm can be used to improve efficiency of college admission in Russia.
There has been a wide-spread belief that elections with a wide franchise following removal of an oppressive dictator lead to establishment of a government that is not vulnerable to mass protest. At the same time, most of the post-World War II non-constitutional exits of recently-installed autocratic leaders were caused by elite coups, rather than popular protests. The recent experience of Egypt, where the democratic post-Mubarak government, a result of the Arab Spring, collapsed after having had almost uninterrupted protests since its first day in office, offers a striking counterexample to both of these patterns. We demonstrate that this is a general phenomenon: the same technological shock, arrival of social media, that makes the incumbent vulnerable, lays foundation for continuous instability of the subsequent democratic government. Our theoretical model, which incorporates protest into a Downsian framework, takes into account specific features of modern protests: the significant role of social media and the absence of the partisan or personalized leadership during popular unrest. Case studies of the Arab countries with and without large-scale protests corroborate our theoretical findings.
In sport tournaments, the rules are presumably structured in a way that any participant cannot benefit by losing instead of winning. We show that tournament systems, consisting of multiple round-robin and knockout tournaments with noncumulative prizes, which are ubiquitous around the world, are generically incentive incompatible. We use our model to discuss potential remedies and applications.
* Константин Сонин включен Минюстом в список физлиц, выполняющих функции иностранного агента.