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КНР и борьба за дискурсивную гегемонию: роль стратегических нарративов
Power in international relations implies not only the possession of outstanding material resources, but also the ability to propose and popularize attractive ideas, values, and norms and thus control discourse. Scholars note that during the presidency of Xi Jinping, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has joined the struggle for discursive hegemony. This change in China’s foreign policy requires systematic study, for which the concept of a strategic narrative has analytical value. As defined by A. Miskimmon, B. O’Loughlin and L. Roselle, strategic narratives “are a means for political actors to construct a shared meaning of the past, present, and future of international politics to shape the behavior of domestic and international actors.” This article provides an overview of strategic narratives as a conceptual lens to study international relations, summarizes the existing research of strategic narratives in general and regarding the Chinese case in particular, and suggests directions for future studies. The core idea of Chinese strategic narratives is that the PRC is a new type of great power that is capable of changing the existing unjust and conflict-prone world order. At the same time, China does not propose to radically revise the international system—it portrays the world as divided into “great powers” and the rest. Overall, China's strategic narratives are characterized by a duality that reflects the complexity of China's foreign policy interests and its attempt to expand the "field of opportunity." Aimed to support different agendas, narratives include references both to the "century of humiliation" and the more recent successful experience of China's modernization. The content of the narratives suggests that China is mainly trying to attract the developing countries of the Global South and thus form its own group of followers. However, there is a significant variation in communication processes, namely formation, projection, and reception of China’s strategic narratives. The study of this variation, as well as the analysis of the effectiveness of Chinese narratives, is a promising direction for future research.