Кадры для четвертой промышленной революции: опыт Германии

Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6: Экономика. 2021. № 6. С. 224–246.

Романова Е. В.

The paper analyzes political decisions in the field of personnel and educational policy as response of four German governments during Angela Merkel's tenure as Federal Chancellor to challenges of digitalization. Studying the German experience can be useful for Russia as large federal state with significant risks of rising social inequality in a globalization and digitalization context. Challenges in the development of the labor market induced by demographic and migration factors are common for Russia and Germany.

As a socially oriented economy, Germany is concerned with the organization of humane working conditions in the new digital reality. Key challenges were voiced by the German government in White Paper 4.0 after careful examination and consultation with main actors: associations, trade unions, companies, academia and civil society.

The key task of a state is to provide human resources by creating educational tracks, improving qualifications and developing digital skills, as well as ensuring attractive working conditions, in the first place for specialists in engineering, technical and natural science specialties (STEM). The demographic factor exacerbates the shortage in such resources. Politicians see the solution in accelerated training of people with demanded qualifications, in improving gender equality in STEM professions and selective migration policy that mitigates unnecessary barriers for highly qualified immigrants. Since most measures were adopted relatively recently, their full effectiveness can only be assessed over time.

Keywords: Германия, цифровизация, Работа 4.0, четвертая промышленная революция, Образование 4.0