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Корни травы: паттерны низовой городской мобилизации в России
Based on the analysis of over 500 cases of grassroots mobilization in Russian cities in 2012-2014, I analyze basic characteristics of urban protests and their patterns. The data demonstrate that mobilization against construction projects is the most frequent one, followed by the protests against the demolition of the recreational areas, insufficient quality of municipal services, and degradation of transport infrastructure. Also of high visibility are protests of evicted citizens and hoodwinked house investors. Citizens experience all types of the problems related to the urban development and governances regardless of the type of the city. However, mobilization in metropolitan areas is more intensive and diversified, while protests in the smaller cities tend to be more direct in repertoire and particularistic in demands. The study shows that grassroots urban mobilization constitutes a lasting backdrop for urban governance in Russia. Urban dwellers mobilize when public authorities or business encroach into their living environment, however, they are less able to be proactive and turn protests into sustained collective challenges like campaigns or movements. The results of the study also point to the necessity of developing effective institutions for communications between all stakeholders in the urban governance process.