Психология индоктринации: подходы и современные направления исследований

Вопросы психологии. 2020. Т. 66. № 4. С. 3–15.

Dvoinin A., Буланова И. С.

The article reviews and systematizes the main approaches and lines of studying the phenomenon of indoctrination, and reveals its psychological contents. Based on interdisciplinary analysis, the introductory part of the article describes the social contexts where the phenomenon of indoctrination manifests. Indoctrination is described in the following contexts: 1 - mass communications; 2 - political context; 3 - education; 4 - religious context; 5 - organization building; 6 - psychological practices. In the main part of the article, a tiered approach is applied to the review of scientific research. Indoctrination at the level of social systems and large social groups is considered to be a specific mechanism of socialization and enculturation of a person, a way of entering a culture. At this level, studies of indoctrination follow two lines: considering it as a natural evolutionary mechanism of group cohesion of individuals or as an artificially used method of deliberately influencing the group’s consciousness in order to increase the group’s survival and its strengthening in the process of intergroup competition and struggle. The article examines and systematizes studies in the field of information propaganda, implemented in the context of social and political tasks of a particular social system. Indoctrination at the level of interaction of social individuals is considered to be a process of social influence in interpersonal interaction or in the interaction of an individual and a group. Studying the facts of indoctrination in closed groups - political, military organizations, prisons, religious and psychological cults - is highlighted as a separate line. Indoctrination studies in education are systematized as well. Indoctrination at the level of individual consciousness is studied as a cognitive process and the result of a person’s uncritical acceptance of other people’s ideas. The phenomena of open and closed mind, cognitive uncertainty and cognitive closure in connection with the phenomenon of indoctrination are described. It is concluded that indoctrination is an independent socio-psychological phenomenon, not reducible to the well-known sociopsychological processes of influence.

Keywords: идеология, ideology, propaganda, пропаганда, убеждение, социальное влияние, культ, social influence, persuasion, indoctrination, индоктринация, mind control, religious indoctrination, political indoctrination, cult, контроль сознания, религиозная индоктринация, политическая индоктринация