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July 6, 2026
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Scientists from HSE University, MSU, and Tallinn University of Technology have studied a fossil species of ancient brachiopods that lived in a warm sea in what is now northern Estonia more than 445 million years ago. These ancient brachiopods developed a cup-shaped shell with a protective 'cap' that shielded them from overgrowth by other marine organisms. The study has been published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
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Constraints on universal health care in the Russian federation: Inequality, informality and the failures of mandatory health insurance reforms

P. 269–296.
Cook L. J.

Cook provides a comprehensive overview of Russia’s post-communist health care system, including the health crisis of the 1990s, and the recovery of health care financing and health indicators for the population from 2000. The chapter recognizes the broad coverage of Russia’s health care system and focuses on obstacles to universal and effective coverage, including socioeconomic and regional inequalities as well as informal payments for health services. Cook assesses the system’s accomplishments and limitations, as well as the multiple efforts at health care reform since 1990.

Language: English
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Keywords: валовой внутренний продуктсоветский периодSoviet periodGross Domestic Productinformal paymentрасходы на здравоохранениесектор здравоохраненияHealth Expenditureнеформальный платежHealth sector

In book

Towards universal health care in emerging economies: opportunities and challenges
L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
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