Автор и адресат в жанре "письмо в газету" (на материале эмигрантских и советских газет 20–х гг. XX в.)

Известия РАН. Серия литературы и языка. 2018. Т. 77. № 3. С. 38–55.

Nikishina E.

In the article, properties of the author and the addressee in the genre of letter to the newspaper in the Soviet Union and in the emigration society are considered. The description of the figure of the author is based on two oppositions: 1) the number of authors: individual vs. collective author and 2) the level of privacy: private vs. social person. The analysis of the ways of marking the author in the texts of letters makes it evident that in the Soviet newspapers, the ‘social’ domain prevails over the ‘personal’ one, while in the letters to the emigrant newspapers, these two domains are equally represented. As the data show, the most important for the analysis of the addressee is to distinguish the following three types of the addressee: the mass addressee, the formal addressee, and the principal one. The mass addressee includes the whole readership of the newspaper. The formal one is the editor-in-chief of the newspaper, who the author of the letter addresses just to observe the courtesy norms. By the principal addressee, I mean the person or the group of people whose attention or reaction is really important for the author and who are mentioned in the body of letter. Throughout the article I show in which manner these three types of the addressee interact with each other and which language mechanisms serve to introduce them, the particular attention being given to the differences between the letters to the Soviet and to the emigrate newspapers. One of the important conclusions I draw in the end of the article is that the presence of the mass addressee in letters to newspapers leads to substantial shifts in communicative purposes of specific types of letters.

Keywords: массовая коммуникация, письмо в газету, mass communication, речевой жанр, свойства автора и адресата, косвенный адресат, иллокутивная сила, языковые особенности писем в газету, этикетные формулы, letters to newspapers, properties of author and addressee, indirect addressee, illocutionary purpose, genre of discourse, courtesy forms, linguistic properties of letters to newspapers