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Russian football fans: origins, organization and mass actions
Russian football fandom movement is going through transformations which call forfurther holistic investigations of its characteristics to develop a comprehensive policy onthe issue of youth subcultures. The existing policies in this field are fragmented and donot take into account constantly changing age, social, gender, and ideological aspectsof youth subcultures, thus making it harder to predict the direction of the fandommovement development.Recent football fan action in Russia and its role in national and international sportsevents have shown that the phenomenon of football fandom, including its organizationand cultural norms, calls for a close investigation. This investigation is essential not onlyfor understanding the patterns of Russian football fan ‘mass action,' but also for thedevelopment of an effective communication strategy with the fandom organizations