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Укрепление человека (human enhancement) или когнитивный долг (cognitive debt): возможности и риски использования ИИ в образовании / Современная аналитика образования
More than half of Russian adolescents use generative neural networks daily, and this figure continues to grow. Under these conditions, AI is becoming not just a tool but a cognitive partner for students, which requires a rethinking of existing educational practices. This systematic review synthesizes empirical data from studies conducted between 2014 and 2026 on the transformation of students’ cognitive processes under the influence of artificial intelligence (AI). The aim of the review is to analyze what changes in attention, memory, and thinking are documented in research on AI interaction, and based on this, to identify the conditions under which AI becomes a tool for cognitive development (human enhancement) rather than a factor contributing to cognitive debt. The analysis includes 30 sources selected according to the following methodology: a systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, Academia.edu, and ResearchGate databases for the period 2014–2026, supplemented by manual searching and the snowball method. The analysis suggests that in the absence of specially designed pedagogical approaches, the use of AI is associated with risks (reduced sustained attention, metacognitive laziness, cognitive debt). At the same time, selected studies indicate that changing the interaction format can contribute to the strengthening of cognitive functions. Based on the review findings, practical principles for organizing the educational process with AI are proposed.