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Evaluation of quantum efficiency of InGaAs/InP single-photon detectors in quantum key distribution systems
St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics. 2023. Vol. 16. No. 3.1. P. 237–241.
In this paper an important parameter of single-photon detectors, such as quantum efficiency, is considered. Errors in determining this parameter lead to significant errors in the parameters of a quantum key distribution system, where such detectors find their application. Three models are proposed to estimate photon detection efficiency or quantum efficiency and their main advantages and disadvantages are considered. A special experimental setup has been developed to carry out validation of the presented models on experimental data. It was found that at low values of laser radiation power the dependent and empirical models give good results, and the independent model is not applicable.
Losev A., Filyaev A., Zavodilenko V. V. et al., Sensors 2026 Vol. 26 No. 4 P. 1228
A 2D model of an InGaAs/InAlAs single-photon avalanche photodiode has been developed. The influence of the active area structure in the multiplication region on the diode’s operating parameters has been studied. It was found that changing the diameter of the structure’s active region leads to a change in the dark current in the linear part ...
Added: May 6, 2026
Mosentsov S. N., Losev A. V., Zavodilenko V. V. et al., Фотоника 2023 Vol. 17 No. 2 P. 134–145
The article is devoted to the comparison of specifications of the single photon detectors manufactured by QRate (Russia) and ID Quantique (Switzerland). Their quantum efficiencies, dark count rates, and afterpulse probabilities have been examined in this work. The test results have showed the interchangeability of detectors and noncompliance of foreign detectors with the declared specifications ...
Added: May 6, 2026
Losev A. V., Filyaev A. A., Zavodilenko V. V. et al., St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics 2023 Vol. 16 No. 3.1 P. 459–462
A sine-gated single-photon detector (SPD) intended for use in a quantum key distribution (QKD) system is considered in this paper. An “avalanche delay” effect in the sine-gated SPD is revealed. This effect consists in the appearance of an avalanche triggered at the next gate after the photon arrival gate. It has been determined experimentally that ...
Added: May 6, 2026
Zavodilenko V. V., Filyaev A. A., Losev A. V. et al., St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics 2023 Vol. 16 No. 3.1 P. 242–247
In this paper the influence of the multiplication area shape on the dark count rate (DCR) of InGaAs/InAlAs single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) is discussed. This study is carried out within the framework of SPAD design parameter optimization. The diode structure has been simulated in the T-CAD calculation environment. The structure with three levels of multiplication ...
Added: May 6, 2026
N A Vovk, Shibalov M. V., Dryazgov M. A. et al., Superconductor Science and Technology 2025 Vol. 38 No. 10 Article 105009
This work describes research and development of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) integrated with a parabolic mirror fabricated in a silicon wafer by focused ion beam etching. Using finite-difference time-domain simulations of the electromagnetic field distribution within the mirror and on its surface, the geometry of the molybdenum mirror was designed for efficient collection ...
Added: March 1, 2026
Махлуф М., Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE) 2025 P. 1–5
Abstract— High-resolution photon-counting optical time-domain reflectometry (PC-OTDR) is crucial for the development of fiber-optic sensing and network diagnostics, allowing accurate fault location and long-haul performance optimization. A major step forward for OTDR is reported by combining a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) with a low-cost FPGA-based time-to-digital converter (TDC) to perform high-resolution measurements over 150 ...
Added: April 29, 2025
Дуплинский А. В., Хмелев А. В., Мерзлинкин В. Е. et al., Вестник Томского государственного университета. Управление, вычислительная техника и информатика 2023 № 63 С. 103–110
Quantum key distribution is a technology that allows you to generate an encryption key with a high level of secrecy for the secure exchange of information between users. In the last decade, the concept of quantum secure communications has become increasingly widespread around the world. This article outlines the idea of a quantum key distribution ...
Added: April 25, 2024
Automated verification of countermeasure against detector-control attack in quantum key distribution
Acheva P., Zaitsev K., Zavodilenko V. V. et al., EPJ QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY 2023 Vol. 10 No. 1 Article 22
Attacks that control single-photon detectors in quantum key distribution using tailored bright illumination are capable of eavesdropping the secret key. Here we report an automated testbench that checks the detector’s vulnerabilities against these attacks. We illustrate its performance by testing a free-running detector that includes a rudimentary countermeasure measuring an average photocurrent. While our testbench ...
Added: April 19, 2024
Zavodilenko V. V., Losev A. V., Filyaev A. A. et al., Optoelectronics, Instrumentation and Data Processing 2023 Vol. 59 P. 148–155
Automated measuring stand (AMS) for evaluation of the operational parameters of single-photon detectors (SPD) has been developed together with the software that implements the method of evaluating SPD efficiency parameters from the experimental data measured with AMS. We present graphical interface of the software, which allows generating recommendations for configuring operation mode of the detector ...
Added: September 1, 2023
Gerasin I. S., Mekhtiev E. E., Maksimova E. L. et al., St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics 2022 Vol. 15 No. 3.3 P. 198–201
The preparation of indistinguishable quantum states by remote users is one of the crucial tasks in MDI-QKD. To solve this problem, laser injection techniques or modulation of the CW laser on the transceiver side are used. These techniques require a complex setup or a pair of modulators. Here we present a different setup for generating ...
Added: May 11, 2023
Mekhtiev E. E., Gerasin I. S., Rudavin N. V. et al., St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics 2022 Vol. 15 No. 3.3 P. 194–197
We present a novel soft-ware based method to ensure independent lasers mutual coherence required for practical realization of advanced Measurement Device Independent Quantum Key Distribution (MDI-QKD) protocols. Proof of principle experiment has proved validity of the method, providing mutual coherence time while upper bound dictated by uncontrollable phase drift in optical fiber being ~ 100 ...
Added: May 11, 2023
N. V. Rudavin, Gerasin I. S., Mekhtiev E. E. et al., St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics 2022 Vol. 15 No. 3.2 P. 56–60
Commercial fiber quantum key distribution systems require the implementation of a protocol for synchronizing the frequency synthesizers of the transmitter and receiver nodes. Frequency mismatch may be due to temperature fluctuations, mechanical effects and imperfections in the technological processes. In this work, an algorithm for automatically adjusting Alice's and Bob's frequency to Charlie's frequency is ...
Added: December 19, 2022
Rudavin N V, Gerasin I. S., Mekhtiev E. E. et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2021 Vol. 2086 Article 012098
Polarization-encoding fiber QKD requires compensation of polarization distortion caused by birefringence in optical fiber. Solving this task inevitably requires losing some effectiveness in terms of the final key rate. In this work, a time-division multiplexing protocol for polarisation calibration is suggested. This protocol was implemented in a QRate commercial QKD fiber system, utilizing BB84-protocol. Parameters ...
Added: May 18, 2022
Mekhtiev E. E., Gerasin I. S., Rudavin N V et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2021 Vol. 2086 Article 012092
The crucial task for polarization-encoding fiber QKD is to compensate polarization drift occurring in a quantum channel. To solve this problem, the receiver usually uses a polarization controller. For proper operation, this device must be efficiently managed in real-time. In this work, a gradient-descent-based algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. The algorithm was implemented ...
Added: May 18, 2022
Elezov M., Roman Ozhegov, Gregory Goltsman et al., Optics Express 2019 Vol. 27 No. 21 P. 30979–30988
We present an active anti-latching system for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We experimentally test it against a bright-light attack, previously used to compromise security of quantum key distribution. Although our system detects continuous blinding, the detector is shown to be partially blindable and controllable by specially tailored sequences of bright pulses. Improvements to the countermeasure ...
Added: October 23, 2019
Moshkova M., Divochiy A., Morozov P. et al., Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics 2019 Vol. 36 No. 3 P. B20–B25
The use of improved fabrication technology, highly disordered NbN thin films, and intertwined section topology makes it possible to create high-performance photon-number-resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (PNR SSPDs) that are comparable to conventional single-element SSPDs at the telecom range. The developed four-section PNR SSPD has simultaneously an 86±3%86±3% system detection efficiency, 35 cps dark count rate, ∼2 ns∼2 ns dead time, and maximum ...
Added: January 9, 2019
Корнеева Ю. П., Korneev A., Семенов А. В. et al., М.: МПГУ, 2015.
В монографии рассматриваются методы повышения квантовой эффективности сверхпроводниковых однофотонных детекторов SSPD в виде узких полосок, изготовленных из тонкой пленки NbN. В частности, рассматривается роль абрикосовских вихрей в формировании резистивного состояния в узкой сверхпроводящей полоске при поглощении инфракрасных фотонов. Показано, что уменьшение ширины сверхпроводящей полоски приводит к увеличению квантовой эффективности. Также рассматривается увеличение квантовой эффективности путем ...
Added: February 26, 2016
Chulkova G., Korneev A., Кардакова А. И. et al., Современные проблемы науки и образования 2012 № 6 С. 594
Проведено моделирование зависимости квантовой эффективности сверхпроводниковогооднофотонного детектора от энергии фотона. ...
Added: March 16, 2015
Chulkova G., Korneev A., Семенов А. В. et al., Журнал радиоэлектроники 2011 № 11
В статье представлена зависимость квантовой эффективности от энергии фотона в рамках модели горячего пятна. Диффузия квазичастиц происходит в основном перпендикулярно направлению тока в областях с максимальной плотностью тока. Максимальная квантовая эффективность детектора пропорциональна вероятности поглощения фотона. Несмотря на квантовый характер работы сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора, он не имеет четко выраженной красной границы. Изменяя режим работы в ...
Added: March 16, 2015