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Динамика метафорической системы Уоллеса Стивенса
The article discusses the individual style of the renowned American poet of the 20th century, Wallace Stevens, with a particular focus on the concept of metaphor as an important element of his style. The study is based on an analysis of both his early and late lyrics of the poet. According to the traditional definition, a conceptual metaphor can be understood as a two-part model in which the representation of one concept (source) is transferred to another (target). The conducted quantitative and semantic analysis revealed a number of patterns in the poet's metaphorical system, which contains both stable and evolving characteristics. Throughout the poet's career, their style is marked by a dualistic perception of the world, in which the same phenomena serve both as targets of metaphorical interpretation and as sources of conceptual properties. Symmetry, a fundamental principle in Stevens' metaphorical system, becomes more pronounced over time, leading to a significant overlap in the lexical realization of concepts in both functions. Another constant is the high frequency of the Being concept in both functions within the model. However, while Being-as-target is typically verbalized through nouns and personal pronouns, the anthropomorphic metaphor is realized through verbal and adjectival vocabulary, neutralizing distinctions between species in favor of the idea of a living being as such. While most concepts maintain their position in the frequency core, their importance changes, as reflected by the frequency rankings. There is an increasing interest in thoughts and feelings, as well as the passage of time (correlated with the minor key of the narrative), while references to the material world – Being and Organ as targets of metaphorical cognition – decline in frequency. Plant as a source-concept in the core of the earlier period is replaced by Light in the mature phase. Dynamic changes can also be observed in the use of onomastic vocabulary, with an increase in the representation of human-created loci. The view of the human also evolves, culminating in a clear opposition: woman as an enigma demanding metaphorical interpretation, and man as a comprehensible source of properties. The tendency to represent the most frequent target-concept in two qualitatively distinct manifestations persists, though the specific concept occupying this position changes over time. In the early stage, Light fulfilled this role, embodying the traits of both (a) an active agent and (b) a passive object of action. In the mature period, thoughts and feelings become the primary target of cognition, with the aforementioned roles now projected onto them.