• A
  • A
  • A
  • АБВ
  • АБВ
  • АБВ
  • A
  • A
  • A
  • A
  • A
Обычная версия сайта
  • RU
  • EN
  • HSE University
  • Publications
  • Book chapter
  • Why did Old Ethiopic cease to be a spoken language?
  • RU
  • EN
Расширенный поиск
Высшая школа экономики
Национальный исследовательский университет
Priority areas
  • business informatics
  • economics
  • engineering science
  • humanitarian
  • IT and mathematics
  • law
  • management
  • mathematics
  • sociology
  • state and public administration
by year
  • 2027
  • 2026
  • 2025
  • 2024
  • 2023
  • 2022
  • 2021
  • 2020
  • 2019
  • 2018
  • 2017
  • 2016
  • 2015
  • 2014
  • 2013
  • 2012
  • 2011
  • 2010
  • 2009
  • 2008
  • 2007
  • 2006
  • 2005
  • 2004
  • 2003
  • 2002
  • 2001
  • 2000
  • 1999
  • 1998
  • 1997
  • 1996
  • 1995
  • 1994
  • 1993
  • 1992
  • 1991
  • 1990
  • 1989
  • 1988
  • 1987
  • 1986
  • 1985
  • 1984
  • 1983
  • 1982
  • 1981
  • 1980
  • 1979
  • 1978
  • 1977
  • 1976
  • 1975
  • 1974
  • 1973
  • 1972
  • 1971
  • 1970
  • 1969
  • 1968
  • 1967
  • 1966
  • 1965
  • 1964
  • 1963
  • 1958
  • More
Subject
News
October 14, 2026
At HSE University–St Petersburg, Experts Discuss How AI Changes Tourist Routes and Cultural Heritage
Neural networks are no longer simple travel assistants; now they decide what to include on the route and what to skip. Artificial intelligence changes how people perceive a place and shapes the image of tourist centres. At the II International Scientific and Practical Conference ’Information Technologies in the Preservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage,’ researchers discussed who controls algorithmic solutions and in what ways, and whether authentic traditions get lost in them.
October 12, 2026
Road Injuries Leading Cause of Death Among Men Aged 10 to 39
Worldwide, road injuries are the leading cause of death among males aged 10–39. An international team of researchers reached this conclusion as part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, analysing data from 204 countries between 1990 and 2023. Their findings have been published in The Lancet Public Health, with HSE University Professor Vasily Vlassov listed among the collaborators.
October 8, 2026
HSE Experts Take Part in 23rd Annual Meeting of Valdai Discussion Club
The 23rd Annual Meeting of the Valdai Discussion Club was held from September 28 to October 1, 2026 under the theme ‘Responsibility for the Future: Limits of the Possible, or Limitless Possibilities?’ The forum brought together 120 experts from 40 countries, including representatives of China, the United States, India, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Germany, Egypt, Iran, and Japan.

 

Have you spotted a typo?
Highlight it, click Ctrl+Enter and send us a message. Thank you for your help!

Publications
  • Books
  • Articles
  • Chapters of books
  • Working papers
  • Report a publication
  • Research at HSE

?

Why did Old Ethiopic cease to be a spoken language?

P. 53–69.
Bulakh M.

It is generally acknowledged that Old Ethiopic (Gəʕz) was a spoken language in the Aksumite kingdom, and that it enjoyed high status both politically and culturally. Likewise, it is generally acknowledged that Old Ethiopic ceased to be a spoken language before the Solomonic dynasty came to power. However, both the circumstances that led to its death as a vernacular and even approximate date of this event remain obscure. The present paper is an attempt to approach both questions, offering some reflections on the sociolinguistic factors which could have brought about at first, the rise of Old Ethiopic and later, its decline as a spoken language.

Language: English
Full text
Text on another site
Keywords: тигринья языкклассический эфиопский языкгеэзtigrinya languageGeez languageClassical Ethiopic
Publication based on the results of:
From Antiquity to Modernity: Epistemology of the Development of Spiritual and Material Cultures in Non-Western Societies (2025)

In book

From Aksum to Lalibäla. The Myth of the “Dark Ages” of Eritrean and Ethiopian History (7th–13th centuries)
Napoli: UniorPress, 2026.
Similar publications
On the Curse Formula in Wˁzb’s Inscription (RIÉ 192 B, ll. 5-9)
Bulakh M., Aethiopica 2025 Vol. 28 P. 39–52
The article deals with the curse formula belonging to the sixth-century inscription by an Aksumite king Wʿzb (RIÉ 192 B, ll. 5–9). After summarizing the extant interpretations, the author proposes a new reading and interpretation, arguing that the text under scrutiny follows the same pattern and employs the same rhetoric devices as the curse formulas ...
Added: May 23, 2026
New Readings and Interpretations on the Inscribed Stele from Ḥənzat (HS1)
Bulakh M., Gebre Selassie Y., Aethiopica 2022 Vol. 25 P. 125–159
In 1974 the renowned Ethiopianist Lanfranco Ricci inspected the site of Ḥǝnzat in central Tǝgray. Inter alia, he inspected and photographed a stele with a lengthy inscription. In 2014, Yohannes Gebre Selassie published an article on an inscription which he labelled HS1, and which he believed to be a second inscription on a stele found ...
Added: March 10, 2025
Early Geez Orthography in the ʔAbbā Garimā Gospels and in the Aksumite Epigraphic Geez
Bulakh M., Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 2026 Vol. 89 No. 2 P. 367–399
ʔAbbā Garimā I and III (AG I and III) are the oldest manuscripts written in Geez (Old Ethiopic). According to a recent radiocarbon analysis they are dated to the Aksumite period. The present paper confronts the orthography of these manuscripts with that of the epigraphic corpus of the Aksumite period (the comparison is restricted to ...
Added: December 17, 2024
Особенности работы переписчиков эфиопских царских хроник Позднего Средневековья
Gusarova E., Вестник Православного Свято-Тихоновского гуманитарного университета. Серия 3: Филология 2022 № 73 С. 49–57
A number of works by both Ethiopian researchers and clergymen, and scholars outside of Ethiopia are devoted to the process of making of Ethiopian manuscripts and of their copying. Most of these works describe the features of the process of writing on the base of the experience of contemporary Ethiopian scribes. Historical data on the ...
Added: February 6, 2024
Early Geez Phonology as Reflected in ʔAbbā Garimā I
Bulakh M., Journal of Near Eastern studies 2024 Vol. 83 No. 1 P. 77–89
ʔAbbā Garimā I (AG I) is among the oldest extant manuscripts written in Old Ethiopic (Geez). A recent radiocarbon analysis dates AG I to the 6th–7th cent. AD. The present study provides additional evidence for the early dating of the manuscript: it preserves all gutturals and sibilants intact (in contrast to post-Aksumite manuscripts, characterized by ...
Added: December 18, 2023
Geez (Old Ethiopic)
Amsalu T., Bulakh M., , in: The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages.: Oxford University Press, 2023. Ch. 24 P. 500–531.
Added: June 27, 2023
Tigrinya
Bulakh M., , in: The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages.: Oxford University Press, 2023. Ch. 28 P. 607–640.
Tigrinya is the working language of the Tigray National Regional State (Ethiopia) and of the government of Eritrea. It is also spoken in Ethiopian and Eritrean diaspora in Israel, Europe, and the USA. Most of its speakers are Christians. The language is used in mass media, education, and administration. Tigrinya orthography is based on the ...
Added: June 26, 2023
JOSEF TROPPER and REBECCA HASSELBACH-ANDEE, Classical Ethiopic. A Grammar of Gəʕəz
Bulakh M., Journal of Semitic Studies 2023 Vol. 68 No. 1 P. e11–e23
The book Classical Ethiopic. A Grammar of Gəʕəz is an English translation of Josef Tropper’s Altäthiopisch. Grammatik des Ge‘ez mit Übungstexten and Glossar published in 2002 and since then serving as the only comprehensive modern description of Classical Ethiopic (also known as Old Ethiopic, or Gəʕz). The present review evaluates the English version and takes the ...
Added: November 9, 2022
Verbs of falling in Tigrinya
Bulakh M., Acta linguistica Petropolitana 2020 Vol. 16 No. 1 P. 677–720
The paper gives a survey of verbs of falling in Tigrinya (an Ethio-Semitic language spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia). The employment of each verb related to the situation of falling down is illustrated with phrasal examples. The Tigrinya data is further compared with Geez, a closely related extinct language. A special subsection deals with ...
Added: December 25, 2020
  • About
  • About
  • Key Figures & Facts
  • Sustainability at HSE University
  • Faculties & Departments
  • International Partnerships
  • Faculty & Staff
  • HSE Buildings
  • HSE University for Persons with Disabilities
  • Public Enquiries
  • Studies
  • Admissions
  • Programme Catalogue
  • Undergraduate
  • Graduate
  • Exchange Programmes
  • Summer University
  • Summer Schools
  • Semester in Moscow
  • Business Internship
  • Research
  • International Laboratories
  • Research Centres
  • Research Projects
  • Monitoring Studies
  • Conferences & Seminars
  • Academic Jobs
  • Yasin (April) International Academic Conference on Economic and Social Development
  • Media & Resources
  • Publications by staff
  • HSE Journals
  • Publishing House
  • iq.hse.ru: commentary by HSE experts
  • Library
  • Economic & Social Data Archive
  • Video
  • HSE Repository of Socio-Economic Information
  • HSE1993–2026
  • Contacts
  • Copyright
  • Privacy Policy
  • Site Map
Edit