«Из граждан первостатейных, добрых, пожиточных и умных людей»: механизмы выдвижения и утверждения выборных в должностях Московского магистрата в 1720 и 1740 гг.

Исторический журнал: научные исследования. 2022. № 1. С. 97–110.

Гущина Д. В.

The object of this study is the composition of the Moscow Magistrate in 1722 and 1744, as well as various aspects of the formation and functioning of city magistrates in 18th-century Russia. The choice of the Moscow Posad, in addition to its significant place among the city posads of Russia, is motivated by the fact that both stages of the formation of the composition of the magistrate's employees in Moscow are supported by sources that quite fully and in detail describe the election procedure. Unlike existing studies, the emphasis is not on the government's policy towards the posad population, but on the motives and strategies of the posad taxpayers themselves, who elected the magistrate's employees. An analysis of the composition of the Moscow Magistrate in the 1720s and 1740s demonstrates that posad residents, while formally following the letter of the law, sought through elections to draw the attention of the central government to certain difficulties facing the posad community. In addition to the interests of the general posad, the election process and the composition of the electoral bodies reflected the interests of individual groups that clashed in the struggle. A comparative analysis of two episodes of elections to the Moscow Magistrate reveals a complex combination of both conflict and consolidation within the posad at different stages of the formation and functioning of this important structure of city self-government.

Keywords: выборы, стратегии поведения, городовой магистрат, городское самоуправление, ратуша, городская реформа, Регламент Главного магистрата, посадская община